Count Chocula wrote:Man oh man.
Patrick Degan wrote:One hundred eighty five years of case law on the matter of the Commerce Clause says otherwise.
Don't take this as snark, because it's not. I haven't read many ICC Supreme Court rulings, so I'm hardly well versed in the subject. Let's say I get into a car accident and go to the hospital here in Florida. My Delaware-domiciled insurance company, which is licensed to operate in Florida using a Florida division, covers my treatment. I have gauze applied that was made in Indiana. The rubber tubing for the IVs was made in Massachusetts. Does
that mean my treatment and insurance coverage are now subject to ICC rulings? Does that mean that any equipment made outside the state of Florida and purchased by the hospital subjects it to ICC rulings? Your examples applied to the means of transport and delivery of goods and information. Would that now include bank transfers from Delaware to my hospital's bank? The mind boggles.
Red. The Herring is Red. Red is the Herring.
You really are ill-equipped at this sort of thing, aren't you? Debating people who actually bother to be somewhat versed in the subjects under discussion and who actually read things, that is.
Hint for the future: you'd better bring a lot more to the table than snark about subjects you admittedly lack knowledge of. Also, the narrow definition of commerce which you attempt to affirm was one of the first things rejected by Chief Justice Marshall in 1824 in the
Gibbons ruling. To
continue with Marshall's argument:
Continuing in Gibbons v. Ogden, Chief Justice Marshall observed that the phrase ''among the several States'' was ''not one which would probably have been selected to indicate the completely interior traffic of a state.'' It must therefore have been selected to demark ''the exclusively internal commerce of a state.'' While, of course, the phrase ''may very properly be restricted to that commerce which concerns more states than one,'' it is obvious that ''[c]ommerce among the states, cannot stop at the exterior boundary line of each state, but may be introduced into the interior.'' The Chief Justice then succinctly stated the rule, which, though restricted in some periods, continues to govern the interpretation of the clause. ''The genius and character of the whole government seem to be, that its action is to be applied to all the external concerns of the nation, and to those internal concerns which affect the states generally; but not to those which are completely within a particular state, which do not affect other states, and with which it is not necessary to interfere, for the purpose of executing some of the general powers of the government.'' 600
Recognition of an ''exclusively internal'' commerce of a State, or ''intrastate commerce'' in today's terms, was at times regarded as setting out an area of state concern that Congress was precluded from reaching. 601 While these cases seemingly visualized Congress' power arising only when there was an actual crossing of state boundaries, this view ignored the Marshall's equation of ''intrastate commerce,'' which ''affect other states'' or ''with which it is necessary to interfere'' in order to effectuate congressional power, with those actions that are ''purely'' interstate. This equation came back into its own, both with the Court's stress on the ''current of commerce'' bringing each element in the current within Congress' regulatory power, 602 with the emphasis on the interrelationships of industrial production to interstate commerce 603 but especially with the emphasis that even minor transactions have an effect on interstate commerce 604 and that the cumulative effect of many minor transactions with no separate effect on interstate commerce, when they are viewed as a class, may be sufficient to merit congressional regulation. 605 ''Commerce among the states must, of necessity, be commerce with[in] the states. . . . The power of congress, then, whatever it may be, must be exercised within the territorial jurisdiction of the several states.'' 606
To apply it to your example which veers off into Red Herring Lake —because your Delaware-domiciled insurance company is licensed to operate in the State of Florida, it's business operations are decidedly being "introduced into the interior" of the State of Florida, meaning that your Delaware insurance company's business is not stopping at "the exterior line" of a state, therefore is interstate commerce, therefore falls under the scope of the Commerce Clause. As per U.S. v. South-Eastern Underwriters, 322 U.S. 533 (1944):
A fire insurance company which conducts a substantial part of its business transactions across state lines is engaged in "commerce among the several States," and subject to regulation by Congress under the Commerce Clause. P. 322 U. S. 539.
And:
Ordinarily courts do not construe words used in the Constitution so as to give them a meaning more narrow than one which they had in the common parlance of the times in which the Constitution was written. To hold that the word "commerce," as used in the Commerce Clause, does not include a business such as insurance would do just that. Whatever other meanings "commerce" may have included in 1787, the dictionaries, encyclopedias, and other books of the period show that it included trade: business in which persons bought and sold, bargained and contracted. [Footnote 8] And this meaning has persisted to modern times. Surely, therefore, a heavy burden is on him who asserts that the plenary power which the Commerce Clause grants to Congress to regulate "Commerce among the several States" does not include the power to regulate trading in insurance to the same extent that it includes power to regulate other trades or businesses conducted across state lines. [Footnote 9]
The modern insurance business holds a commanding position in the trade and commerce of our Nation. Built upon the sale of contracts of indemnity, it has become one of the largest and most important branches of commerce. [Footnote 10] Its total assets exceed $37,000,000,000, or the approximate equivalent of the value of all farm lands and buildings in the United States. [Footnote 11] It annual premium receipts exceed $6,000,000,000, more than the average annual revenue receipts of the United States Government during the last decade. [Footnote 12] Included in the labor force of insurance are 524,000 experienced workers, almost as many as seek their livings in coal mining or automobile manufacturing. [Footnote 13] Perhaps no modern commercial enterprise directly affects so many persons in all walks of life as does the insurance business. Insurance touches the home, the family, and the occupation or the business of almost every person in the United States. [Footnote 14] This business is not separated into 48 distinct territorial compartments which function in isolation from each other. Interrelationship, interdependence, and integration of activities in all the states in which they operate are practical aspects of the insurance companies' methods of doing business. A large share of the insurance business is concentrated in a comparatively few companies located, for the most part, in the financial centers of the East. [Footnote 15] Premiums collected from policyholders in every part of the United States flow into these companies for investment. As policies become payable, checks and drafts flow back to the many states where the policyholders reside. The result is a continuous and indivisible stream of intercourse among the states composed of collections of premiums, payments of policy obligations, and the countless documents and communications which are essential to the negotiation and execution of policy contracts. Individual policyholders living in many different states who own policies in a single company have their separate interests blended in one assembled fund of assets upon which all are equally dependent for payment of their policies. The decisions which that company makes at its home office -- the risks it insures, the premiums it charges, the investments it makes, the losses it pays -- concern not just the people of the state where the home office happens to be located. They concern people living far beyond the boundaries of that state.
And:
Commerce is interstate, he said, when it "concerns more States than one." Id., 22 U. S. 194. No decision of this Court has ever questioned this as too comprehensive a description of the subject matter of the Commerce Clause. [Footnote 34] To accept a description less comprehensive, the Court has recognized, would deprive the Congress of that full power necessary to enable it to discharge its Constitutional duty to govern commerce among the states. [Footnote 35]
The power confined to Congress by the Commerce Clause is declared in The Federalist to be for the purpose of securing the "maintenance of harmony and proper intercourse among the States." [Footnote 36] But its purpose is not confined to empowering Congress with the negative authority to legislate against state regulations of commerce deemed inimical to the national interest. The power granted Congress is a positive power . It is the power to legislate concerning transactions which, reaching across State boundaries, affect the people of more states than one; -- to govern affairs which the individual states, with their limited territorial jurisdictions, are not fully capable of governing. [Footnote 37] This federal power to determine the rules of intercourse across state lines was essential to weld a loose confederacy into a single, indivisible Nation; its continued existence is equally essential to the welfare of that Nation. [Footnote 38]
Our basic responsibility in interpreting the Commerce Clause is to make certain that the power to govern intercourse among the states remains where the Constitution placed it. That power, as held by this Court from the beginning, is vested in the Congress, available to be exercised for the national welfare as Congress shall deem necessary. No commercial enterprise of any kind which conducts its activities across state lines has been held to be wholly beyond the regulatory power of Congress under the Commerce Clause. We cannot make an exception of the business of insurance.
Again, you have no argument.