Darth Garden Gnome wrote:Doesn't there have to be a Emperor Palpatine II for the use of the numeral "I"?
Actually, no. When the Elected Roman Emperor Franz II crowned himself Austrian Emperor in 1804, he chose the regnal name "Franz I" for himself, despite the fact that there was no Franz II at the time. Likewise, when the D. Juan Carlos de Borbón became King of Spain in 1975, he chose the regnal name "Juan Carlos I" (as he is still reigning, there is obviously no Juan Carlos II).
On a somewhat related note, the name "Ioannes PP. XXIII" (i.e., Pope John XXIII) rather implies 22 preceding popes by that name, but there are in fact only 21 other Pope Johns before him; there is no Pope John XX.
Spanky The Dolphin wrote:As for execution for gross incompetence? I forget which legion or what this particular punishment is called.. but during the whole Spartacus incident when one particular legion didn't perform well against the slave army.. boy oh boy. Something like one in every ten legionnaire (I think.. maybe less or more) was called out and the non-selected comrades BEAT them to DEATH as a disciplinary warning.
The
dux you are thinking of is Marcus Licinius Crassus, the richest man in Rome, who late became a member of the secret First Triumvirate with Caius Iulius Cæsar and Cnaeus Pompeius Magnus. Although it was his generalship that defeated Spartacus, the pompous Pompeius Magnus claimed credit for the victory. Consul with Pompeius Magnus in AC 55, Licinius Crassus subsequently attacked the Parthians, but he was annihilated at the Battle of Carrhæ in AC 53.
This punishment, called
decimation, was a standard -- although somewhat uncommon -- punishment for a Roman legion, and demonstrates the kind of summary authority possessed by legionary commanders in ancient Rome. One tenth of the legion was killed as punishment for egregious failure. N.B. that the verb "to decimate" means "to kill one-tenth", not "to badly damage" &c.
The Kernel wrote:First off, exactly which Caesar are you referring to? The word means "king", it isn't a name.
Completely and wholly false, sir. Your ignorance of Roman politics and history is incredible. "Cæsar" is indeed a name; it is a
cognomen, or familial nickname, belonging to a branch of
gens Iulia, an ancient noble family which claimed descent from Iulus, a son of Æneas, himself said to have been a son of the goddess Venus. It certainly does not mean "king", as the family's most famous scion, Caius Iulius Cæsar (better known simply and somewhat inaccurately as Julius Caesar), became supreme ruler of the Roman Republic, and adamantly refuse kingship, saying on one occasion "
Non sum rex sed Cæsar" ("I am not king, but Cæsar"). The name is believed to be derived from the noun
cæsaries ("hair") or from the verb
cædere ("to cut") by way of the phrase "
a matre cæso" ("cut from his mother"), which some philologists believe to be a reference to a Cesarian section.
The wildly inaccurate claim that it means "king" must surely be derived from a grossly simplistic understanding of the nature of the Roman Empire. The first "emperors" -- commonly called Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula, Claudius I, and Nero -- all descended (by birth or adoption) from Julius Caesar's branch of the
gens Iulia and consequently all of them were legally named Cæsar. The first emperor after Nero also assumed the name, as it was permanently associated with the "position" of emperor. It subsequently became used as the designation of the "heir" to the emperor, and under Diocletianus's tetrarchy, referred to the two subemperors (the two full emperors were each titled "Augustus"). "Cæsar" in this sense does not translate to "king" at all, but "emperor", as demonstrated by the German
Kaiser and the Russian
czar, both of which are derived from "Cæsar".
Hence, the fact that your two-part claim that Cæsar is not a name and means "king" can be seen to be incorrect on both counts. When used alone as a name, "Cæsar" almost invariably refers to Julius Caesar (although Augustus is referred to as such in William Shakespeare's
Antony and Cleopatra, and this usage is correct as his full name at the time was Caius Iulius Cæsar Octavianus).
PUBLIUS