British nukes were protected by bike locks

[Prozac the Robert]

British nukes were protected by bike locks
By Meirion Jones
Newsnight producer

Newsnight has discovered that until the early days of the Blair government the RAF's nuclear bombs were armed by turning a bicycle lock key.
There was no other security on the Bomb itself.

While American and Russian weapons were protected by tamper-proof combination locks which could only be released if the correct code was transmitted, Britain relied on a simpler technology.

The Dr Strangelove scenario

The British military resisted Whitehall proposals to fit bombs with Permissive Action Links - or PALs - which would prevent them being armed unless the right code was sent.

PALs were introduced in the 1960s in America to prevent a mad General or pilot launching a nuclear war off their own bat - the Dr Strangelove scenario.

President Kennedy ordered that every American nuclear bomb should be fitted with a PAL.

The correct code had to be transmitted by the US Chiefs of Staff and dialled into the Bomb before it could be armed otherwise it would not detonate.

Safeguards

Crews in missile silos also had a dual key arrangement so one man could not launch Armageddon.

Similar safeguards are in place on Russian nuclear weapons.

They are familiar from numerous Hollywood films such as Broken Arrow with John Travolta, The Peacemaker with Nicole Kidman and various James Bond films.

Under control

Papers at the National Archive show that as early as 1966 an attempt was made to impose PAL security on British nuclear weapons.

The Chief Scientific Adviser Solly Zuckerman formally advised the Defence Secretary Denis Healey that Britain needed to install Permissive Action Links on its nuclear weapons to keep them safe.

"The Government will need to be certain that any weapons deployed are under some form of 'ironclad' control".

The Royal Navy argued that officers of the Royal Navy as the Senior Service could be trusted:

"It would be invidious to suggest... that Senior Service officers may, in difficult circumstances, act in defiance of their clear orders".

Neither the Navy nor the RAF installed PAL protection on their nuclear weapons.

The RAF kept their unsafeguarded bombs at airbases until they were withdrawn in 1998.

Bicycle lock key

With the help of Brian Burnell - a researcher into the history of the British nuclear weapons programme who once designed bomb casings for atom bombs - Newsnight tracked down a training version of the WE 177 nuclear bomb at the Bristol Aero collection at Kemble.

Tornado and earlier V-bomber crews trained with these, which were identical in every way to the live bombs except for the nuclear warhead.

To arm the weapons you just open a panel held by two captive screws - like a battery cover on a radio - using a thumbnail or a coin.

Inside are the arming switch and a series of dials which you can turn with an Allen key to select high yield or low yield, air burst or groundburst and other parameters.

The Bomb is actually armed by inserting a bicycle lock key into the arming switch and turning it through 90 degrees. There is no code which needs to be entered or dual key system to prevent a rogue individual from arming the Bomb.


This report can be seen on Newsnight on Thursday, 15 November, 2007 at 10.30pm on BBC TWO

Story from BBC NEWS:
http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/p ... 097101.stm

Published: 2007/11/15 18:02:29 GMT

© BBC MMVII

Hah. Aren't we great.

[Dartzap]

The fact that no one even thought to nick a bomb during that time clearly shows that it was a brilliant, nay, cunning plan!

[Admiral Valdemar]

I guess this means the PAL key in MGS is somewhat over-the-top when all you need is a bike lock.

[Sea Skimmer]

Well before the US introduced PAL, we not only had no code or locking system on nukes, we actually kept said weapons mounted on fully fueled and armed aircraft, including Starfighers flown by several NATO nations, on a 24/7 basis. The only immediate security was a single US solider with a rifle, whose main job was to guard against communist sabotage. Nothing bad ever happened.

[FSTargetDrone]

The fact that no one even thought to nick a bomb during that time clearly shows that it was a brilliant, nay, cunning plan!

It seemed like SPECTRE had to go through more hoops just to steal two nukes. They could have walked right in and made off with it using a laundry truck!

[MKSheppard]

Good. PALs are another McNamara invention. Curse him.

[Illuminatus Primus]

Good. PALs are another McNamara invention. Curse him.

Could you provide more reasoning/information for why it was bad?

[phongn]

Could you provide more reasoning/information for why it was bad?

At least for tactical weapons forward-deployed to Europe, PALs might well have increased the reaction time to the point where the weapons would be destroyed before use.

EDIT: Similarly, there were worries that the codes would be unavailable in an attack - say, an SSGN attack on Washington - and thus the US deterrent would be defanged.

[Adrian Laguna]

It's very hard to strike a balance between being able to use your weapons on short notice and preventing some random loon from using your weapons on short notice.

[MKSheppard]

Could you provide more reasoning/information for why it was bad?

1.) It means all those Personnel Reliability Tests, etc are just stupid icing on the cake, since after all that, you still don't trust your crews.

2.) More things to go wrong in the nuke.

3.) Adds a much more complex layer of communications, as phong pointed out. Instead of a cheap system that transmits "We are under attack, GO", you have to spend a lot of money on a massively overbuilt system that can reliably transmit the PAL codes even while under nuclear attack.

[MKSheppard]

BTW, the PAL code for SAC's Minutemen until 1977 was 000000000.

[Patrick Degan]

The Royal Navy argued that officers of the Royal Navy as the Senior Service could be trusted:

"It would be invidious to suggest... that Senior Service officers may, in difficult circumstances, act in defiance of their clear orders".

"That sort of thing just isn't done, old boy. Besides, all these chaps and I went to the same school."

[NeoGoomba]

At least for tactical weapons forward-deployed to Europe, PALs might well have increased the reaction time to the point where the weapons would be destroyed before use.

EDIT: Similarly, there were worries that the codes would be unavailable in an attack - say, an SSGN attack on Washington - and thus the US deterrent would be defanged.

If only they had enacted Plan R!

[Admiral Valdemar]

That would set off the DOOMSDAY DEVICE, though!

[NeoGoomba]

We cannot allow a Bike-Key Doomsday Device Gap!