Pablo Sanchez wrote:
No. The efforts of the Europeans were in vain, and anyway infantry were only good against the Mongols as a roadblock; pikemen had no actual ability to inflict harm on the steppe horsemen. The Mongol tactic was to stand off and shoot up enemy infantry with their composite bows, while the European archery used inferior weapons and was mostly impotent to return the favor. When the Western heavy cav attempted to close and engage, the Mongols faded back--until the enemy overextended himself, at which point he was surrounded and cut to ribbons.
Or, of course, you just build fortifications, establish your archers and artillery inside of them, and reply with them from the safety of the dirt and pavises.
Also remember that western heavy cavalry horses were
bred for that weight and could, within certain limitations, charge in it and maintain that pace.
Given proper conditions (Like those the Emperor Otto the Great engineered at Lechfeld against the Magyars), the armoured lancer can totally annihilate light cavalry.
Pikemen could not harm Mongols, but Mongols could not harm Pikemen; and thus they could provide cover for troops that could, as a mobile fortress of sorts.
The Mongols destroyed the two most powerful armies in central Europe without too much trouble and then quartered on the Hungarian plains to graze their horses. At this point, the Khan died, and the Mongols picked up shop and went home, and they did not return. The Polish like to think that their heroic resistance shook Mongol confidence and convinced them to leave, but it was purely political.
Oh, absolutely, but you massively overestimate the ease that the Mongols had in annihilating the Hungarians at the Sajo River. Bela III's deployment was quite intelligent and the Mongols under Subedei barely were able to penetrate it; had that area not been diverted from their attention by the first assaults they might have successfully blocked the Mongol flanking manoeuvre and proceeded to beat them back, or fall back on Buda in good order under the cover of their laager, depending on how badly they handled the Mongols in repulsing them.
I think the only army which would pose a threat to the Mongols during the middle ages in Europe would be England, with their longbowmen and superior (to France, at least) tactics. And even then, it probably wouldn't be enough.
In a defensive position in the English terrain, I would not want to be a light cavalry army. Likewise, the Italian
communes could muster more than enough troops with pike, crossbow and pavise, which positioned in the passes, on the rivers and in the rough terrain of Italy at the time would easily prevent the Mongols from taking that region.
The problem that European armies had was that their equipment had become over-specialized to their own type of fighting. The Western style of in-your-face melee with archery support wasn't necessarily less effective, it was just that their weapons and armor were designed to fight only that kind of battle, all other kinds of war be damned. Against an enemy who avoided close contact until his victory was assured, European armies were all but useless.
The western style was
never a melee. The western way of war is disciplined shock action, against which nothing can stand and is why it has remained the ideal of western armies. Even knights had a modicum of order in their attacks; it is just the lack of a formal rank structure that causes problems for some authorship.
The success of the charge of the lance is in formation and mass and western armies have always had that; combined with the stirrup it allowed them to easily field excellent heavy cavalry in the Dark Ages, and eventually a resurgence in heavy infantry, for which the western way of war is rightly famous.
The only way to defeat armies of the western type is to outmanoeuvre them or to overwhelm them by sheer numbers. Certainly the Mongols were capable of the first and did so repeatedly in the less conscripted terrain of eastern Europe, but in Western Germany, in the regions around Lechfeld, it had already been demonstrated that the heavy charge of feudal lancers could cut a light cavalry force to ribbons -- And even the French or Frederick II or both together succeeding in this against the Mongols is not impossible.