SDN World 3 World History

[Raj Ahten]

After some discussion with the player of the PBC I'm going to say Chile/Argentina tried to intervene both in the PBC's revolution in 1906 (?) as well as Brazil's revolution in 1904. For good measure I'm going to say Paraguay had a communist revolution which I suppressed in 1905; hence why they are now my puppet nation. At least half the populace there supports me, while a good chunk of the population (the rural part most likely) does not.

For this to work out well the revolutions in the PBC and Brazil would have to be spread out over a few years so the ate up a lot of my troops thus making my (and anyway else's) efforts ineffectual because I was unable to concentrate forces.

[K. A. Pital]

Latin America is on fire! GO REDS! Man...

[Norseman]

Third Brazilian Civil War lasted from 1897 to 1904 and outside forces *did* attempt to intervene but failed after Maoist style People's War won out.

[Norseman]

And for someone who wants to know the kind of mindset that animated the capitalists in Brazil then read this and be enlightened! Not only that but they were convinced that there could be no revolution since that would require someone or something to rebell against. Interestingly enough this means that Brazil was one of the few places where you had a classical Marxist revolution when conditions just got to be too bad for the working classes.

[Karmic Knight]

Belgian/Dutch Operations Prior to the Revolution

Prior to the Revolution of 1880 the Belgian and Dutch opportunists wrote and had signed a treaty granting a “United Low Countries Horn of Africa Company,” the rights to operate in the Horn of Africa and deeper into Abyssinia.

During Britain’s Period of Falling, the ULCHA seized Kenya while a group of Belgians seized the British Colony of Sierra Leone and moved into Liberia capturing the area and creating the Belgian West African Company.

The Belgian/Dutch Revolution of 1890

Following the fiasco of the Congolese Trade Revolt (December 1879), the Belgian King, who had put the majority of his prestige and economic potential in the colony, faced massive loss of support from the people. In an act of magnanimity, the King allowed the dissolution of his monarchy, and the creation of the Belgian Republic. The Belgian Republic swayed unstably for a handful of months, under increasing tensions between labor, the nobility, and the capitalists. The Flemish/Walloon lines were also strained during the years of the Liberal Republic, until a group of capitalists helped organize a general strike.

This strike sparked a period of instability that ended with the rise of a group of leaders from a school of socialism known as Syndicalism. The Syndicalists strong-armed the Liberal Republic into allowing them to reorganize the Republic into the Belgian Revolutionary Republic. The Dutch immediately pulled support from the United Low Countries Horn of Africa Company, causing the Republican and Revolutionary leaders to declare war.

In the Far East, the Dutch East Indies faced hungry empires and disloyal natives which pushed the DEIC out of most of the Indies, aside from Bali, and a group of ports along the western coast of the islands. The DEIC Diaspora operated with loyalist and mercenary natives from the East Indies to launch an attack that secured the northern peninsula of central Australia during the chaos of the Manchuria-Cascadia War.

In the Congo, the former revolting trade captains declared their independence from the Belgian Republic. (Baring Setzer complaints this is mid- to late-1890)

The War of Revolution lasts until 1900, and results in the Declaration of the Union of the Low Countries.

Reclamation of the Dutch East Indies Company, the Belgian West African Company, and the Horn of Africa Company (1900-1907)

Following the success of the War of the Revolution, the Dutch East Indies Company applied for entrance into the Union as a trading syndicate. The Union accepted this claim, and established the Special East Indian Trade Commission.

The Horn of Africa was a more difficult proposition for the Union, Kenya had been conquered by a primarily Belgian group, but the Horn’s major ports were operated by the Dutch. During the War these sides clashed and after the War they continued. The newly elected Chairman Hammer successfully moved Union troops (mercenaries from Indonesia) into the Horn to break up the fighting and to reorganize the colony into the Subsidiary Union of the Horn of Africa.

The West African Company also applied to the union as a Subsidiary Union, after the Horn of Africa Incident gave a bite to the Union’s bark.

The Dutch West Indies were the last group to be contacted during the reconciliation period. Curacao and Suriname applied to the Union as syndicates like the East Indies Company, in an attempt to keep the organization's funding from being changed drastically.

War With France (1910)

Chairman Hammer was growing restless, his successes in Africa and Asia gave him an inflated view of the power of the Union, so he set his sights on a country not enlightened by the light of socialism, the French Republic. He order his generals in the Subsidiary Union of West Africa to launch raids into the French West African territory, and to launch attacks into France itself. These attacks caught France, who had been expecting an attack, not at all by surprise, the French Army was concentrated in France when the attacks were launched, allowing the French to counterattack and stall the Union offensives. The lines in Europe ground to a halt, with neither side gaining advantage.

In North Africa, the Libyan coast was captured by the Third Republic. In West Africa, the French colonies there were captured in near entirety.The Horn of Africa was not an active theatre.

War’s End (1915)

A Treaty was drawn up by the belligerent powers, establishing an acceptance of all territories gained and lost in the conflict prior to be legally considered the territory of the occupying army. (Steve: This Treaty could, if signed in Cascadia, also recognize the claim to the Australian bit.)

The End of an Era and the Start of a new (October 1924)

With the Treaty of Geneva, Chairman Hammer had both lost and succeeded in his goals. The people of North Africa were now lost to His Vision, but Mr. Hammer had more people in the West African Coast to save from the vestiges of the old capitalist system. Chairman Hammer had lost during the battle over the treaty, he had been firmly against losing any territory to the French, and had been undercut by his Minister For Internal Security, who had organized the vote that let the treaty that was signed be accepted by the Union. The Minister paid for the insubordination with his life, and was found beaten to death a week after the success of the vote.

This loss of presitge, along with a series of blunders leads to Chairman Hammer losing his life, and a special election electing the Chairman's at the time Minister For Internal Security.

[Steve]

Given the character of your government, Karmic, I expect us to be at odds over Darwin.

[Norade]

So, who wants to have been rivals with Portugal and aided in her decline from 1890 to 1910? I need a reason for the sudden decline and for my navy being shown as weak in the face of a more modernized foe.

[Steve]

Well, there's Germany having East Timor. The Grand Dominion could've expelled Portugal from Goa. And South Africa is a logical candidate for the loss of Mozambique, with the loss of Angola spiraling from that. Maybe Portugal tried to aid the anti-Socialists in Brazil and their army got stomped flat (and prompted unrest by Socialist agitators in Portugal).

[Norade]

That works, simply to over stretched and small problems that might normally have been fixed easily grew until a crisis occurred. However due to the socialist movement progress in fixing things was slowed, until a socialist oligarchy formed. Once formed they pushed for a large scale government funded national industrialization so that the government would own the majority of the factories, and the nation would grow in power cementing them as heroes and trying to keep from facing the issues that toppled the former government.

They are socialist in that they own a large amount of companies and do their best to ensure that there is employment for everybody by building more factories and clearing more land for agriculture even going so far as to move people to other territories or even moving them between mainland and colony if need be. However they don't concern themselves with making everybody to equal and people retain rights to their property. Instead they prefer to provide equal chances to all, even if that chance is working a line in a newly opened steel mill or tending your acreage in a colony after being shipped there due to a skill in agriculture.

[Master_Baerne]

France could've been involved in some squabbles over a few islands, if you wish.

[CmdrWilkens]

France could've been involved in some squabbles over a few islands, if you wish.

Well since I've claimed Guadeloupe you had to have been involved in some Colonial squabbles

[Minister of Pigeonry]

Finally got this done, guess I'm right on time, heh.

Recent History of the Kingdom of Spain

March 7th, 1880 – An earlier affair between King Alfonso XII of Spain and the widow of a wealthy merchant with questionable aristocratic ties produces a daughter officially named Marian Ignacio Francisca. As to not harm His Majesty’s standing, Marian carries the name of her mother’s late Husband, Ignacio.

1880’s-Early 1890’s – Economic growth appears to be on the up, though Spanish government is rife with corruption in its legislature leading to slow but steady rise in nationalist sentiment as dissatisfaction with the government in general grows.

1888-1890 – Issac Pearl's Submarine is launched, extensively tested and retired when it is decided to cease Spanish pursuit of undersea projects.

November 25, 1885 – Alfonso XII dies of tuberculosis leaving his wife Queen Maria Christina as Regent until the birth of her son, Alfonso XIII.

May 17th, 1886 – Alfonso XIII is born; the young King will officially assume control of the nation on his Sixteenth birthday, the 17th May, 1902.

1887-98 – Socialist ideologies grow in popularity across the country; unionist and working class movements within Spain reach notable status in the Spanish political and social landscape.

1898 – Spanish-American War ends; Cuba is lost to the U.S., Puerto Rico and Spanish holdings in the Virgin Islands are sold to Mexico leaving Costa Rica, having been re-conquered in the mid 1830’s and left in a state of de facto independence, as the last Spanish territory in the Caribbean. The loss is seen by many as the last leg of the Spanish Empire buckling, leading to a significant rise in criticism and demonstration as various political and ideological factions grow ever more influential and outraged.

February 8th, 1900 – While traveling through the streets of Madrid a bomb disguised as a bouquet of flowers is thrown at the Royal Procession detonating beside the carriage carrying the Queen and her son. Young Alfonso XIII is killed instantly by the blast; Queen Maria Christina is rushed back to the Royal Palace for medical attention but succumbs to her injuries some three days later. The Anarchist Bomber escapes the scene but is apprehended five days after the assassination attempt.

February 11th, 1900 – Princes María de las Mercedes becomes Regent Queen of Spain following the death of her mother and brother.

Early 1900 – Seeing their chance, elements of the Spanish military under a General Felipe Antonio (often referred to as “Antonians”) attempt a coup but are repulsed by loyalist forces, drawing deep divisions through the nation’s armed forces. Socialist factions are galvanized and unite, attempting revolution against the weakened throne drawing loyalist forces into sustained combat throughout western Spain. Nationalist factions and others opposed to the current regime begin to form their own group drawing in the surviving “Antonian” soldiers and their hunted leader.

May 1900 – Marian Ignacio Francisca at age twenty, whilst in the midst of her university education, is drawn into the Liga Nacionalista by Juan Miguel Gerardo, Marian’s “paternal” cousin and a Captain in the military arm of the Nationalist movement – an “Antonian”. At some point during her membership in the Liga Nacionalista Marian reveals her paternity in hopes of improving her standing and, as the movement shifts to take advantage of her blood connection to the late King, she changes her name to reflect this.

July 1900 – While the country plunges into all out Civil War between forces loyal to Regent Queen María and the Revolucionario español del Frente Popular (the Spanish People’s Revolutionary Front), the newly formed Nueva Monarquía faction, a conglomeration of nationalists, “Antonian” Soldiers and others who support neither the current regime nor the Socialists band together under Marian Alfonso Francisca as she proclaims her right to the Spanish Throne. Though Marian appears to act as the movement’s leader and mouthpiece, she is little more than a figurehead while true power within the Nueva Monarquía lies in the hands of General Antonio and his Lieutenants.

August-November 1900 – The Nueva Monarquía enters the war opposing both the REFP and the Loyalists striking several small blows against both sides amongst the chaos. Proving herself a decent speaker, Marian promises a New Spain wherein the corrupt parliamentary system is done away with, the Crown is strong again and provides new social services to and defends the rights of the citizens while reasserting the nation as an international power invoking ideas of former Imperial glory. Her message is successful and begins to draw popular attention, though General Antonio and his cadre have no real intentions to allow the pretender any true power if they succeed and simply use her message as a propaganda tool to generate support.

January 1901 – “Queen” Marian sends Nueva Monarquía representatives to nearby European powers seeking aid. The Portuguese feel it is in their best interest to wait and watch for the time being but aid for the cause is secured from the German Empire marking a significant growth in power for the movement.

February-July 1901 – The Nueva Monarquía at last becomes an equal player in the Spanish Civil war with arms from Germany and the growing support of the Spanish people standing beside it.

September 1901 – Marian’s forces crush REFP resistance in Soria, Guadalajara and Cuenca and force Loyalist Troops to withdraw from Ciudad Real, securing all four provinces under her banner.

November 1901 – A failed attempt at seizing Madrid leaves Nueva Monarquía forces reeling. Loyalist counterattacks force Marian’s troops east losing ground in the Cuenca province. Later in that month, the “Queen” narrowly avoids assassination at the hands of a REFP agent while speaking to crowds in Barcelona.

January-February 1902 – Having recovered from earlier losses, Nueva Monarquía forces besiege Madrid and seize the Royal Palace after heavy fighting finally drives Loyalist Forces to the breaking point.

February 8th, 1902 – Regent Queen María de las Mercedes is captured and offered abdication and exile in exchange for safe passage to France. She complies. Queen Regnant Marian Alfonso Francisca assumes the throne as Spain’s second Queen Regnant in history and is now recognized officially by Portugal. The Spanish Parliament is dismantled and abolished; General Felipe Antonio is appointed Prime Minister and his lieutenants are promoted to various key positions in the government. A new Spanish Constitution begins to take shape promising the reforms Marian trumpeted throughout the war but it is blocked and a new draft is quietly and hastily ratified by the Antonians securing their dominance over Spain and effectively rendering Her Majesty powerless.

March-June 1902 – Fighting between the new regime and remaining REFP forces continues. Prime Minister Antonio demands a heavy-handed response to continued resistance while Queen Marian aims to win over more moderate members of the faction with reforms. The Prime Minister has his way and sends the rearmed and unified Ejército de Tierra to wipe out the REFP remnants officially bringing the Civil War to a bloody end in late June.

February 1903 – With six months past since the end of the Spanish Civil War it becomes clear to even the most patriotic Spaniards that the promises made by the Queen were not to be and that Prime Minister Antonio, dictator in all but title, is the true ruler of the nation. Some small groups form in opposition to the new government but dissenters are gravely punished and the Spanish people remain weary following the war. It is evident that change will not be brought about by the people under present circumstances.

Early to Mid 1903 – While the populace remains subdued, members within the new government who had been non-Antonian leaders in the Nueva Monarquía faction begin to quietly consolidate what little power they have. Though Antonians hold many more key positions than they, the small group - still loyal to the reformist ideals of Her Majesty - quietly works in the shadows to gain support. The now General Juan Miguel, cousin of Queen Marian and ever loyal to her, supports the internal movement and silently forsakes his former commander, Prime Minister Antonio, throwing in with the coup plotters.

June 12th, 1903 – Under orders from the Queen, loyal elements of the Guardia Real and soldiers under General Juan Miguel launch a coup to retake the government from Prime Minister Antonio and his supporters. The operation - targeting Antonian officials personally - succeeds and many are killed in their homes. Prime Minister Antonio and others are capture; the reaming few who escape death or capture flee the nation.

June 13th, 1903 – Later known as “Reform Day”, sees the position of Prime Minister officially abolished by royal edict and the original Spanish Constitution brought back out for completion. Subsequent purges remove any remaining Antonians from the Military and Government.

1903-1905 – The nation undergoes significant changes as promised reforms are enacted and take effect; the Queen assumes real and nearly absolute power (though bound by certain rules within the constitution to protect the rights of citizens), the Council of Ministers is formed to lead new government organs specializing in specific tasks and to act as a sort of legislature when in council. A reformed Royal Judiciary Court is formed as well, while national hospitals and improved education systems are established along with basic welfare systems to improve the overall quality of life within the nation, additionally vast industrial and economic goals are set, public works projects to improve the country’s infrastructure begin and Spanish control over remaining colonial territories tightens with new colonial governments established.

1904 – The Isaac Pearl Submarine is brought back out of storage, reexamined and retested. Despite an accident that kills two Spanish Submariners, it is decided to resurrect Spanish undersea development. Later that year, the Pearl II is designed, built and launched utilizing a petrol motor working in conjunction with batteries - a breakthrough pioneered by the American Submarine USS Holland in 1900. The success of the Pearl II kicks off Spanish Submarine development that will continue to improve to the present day building upon and refining advances made in German U-Boat design.

1904-1905 – Refugee programs to welcome those fleeing conflict in South America go into effect. In Uruguay, the ruling “Blanco” party begins to feel increasingly threatened as opposition “Colorados” adopt socialist ideologies and challenge the “Blancos” right to power. Though Cisplatina lies between the newly formed Federal Socialist Republic of Brazil and Uruguay, conservative leaders fear Brazilian interference in Uruguayan affairs and begin to see subversion around every turn. Eventually real unrest begins to rise in the northern regions of the country and, in a panic, the Blancos send forth emissaries to Spain for aid. Domestically, social changes are still on the march, though, now the people are beginning to make their own voices - stifled for so long by Prime Minister Antonio's iron hand - heard. From Cascadia, there come groups promoting women's rights that quickly set about organizing and inspiring the female population of Spain.

1905-1906 – Taking advantage of the fear and conflict in Uruguay, Spain slowly works its way back into the country, at first through aid in form of supplies then troops for security and eventually through a bloodless coup that officially draws the nation back into the Spanish empire. Reform policies in Spain are quickly established in Uruguay silencing and appeasing most leftist sentiment that had brought the Blancos into Spanish hands in the first place - their inflexibility having been their undoing. Additionally, Spain reconfirms and seeks to broaden many of its earlier agreements made with the German Empire several years earlier when the new regime took power in Madrid in 1902.

1906-1909 – While many short and mid-term industrial and infrastructural goals are reached, the Queen and her Ministers shift national focus from purely Economic, Social and Infrastructural pursuits to rearmament as well. Having thrust itself onto the world stage with the reincorporation of Uruguay, Spain begins to grow its military in pursuit of a modern and powerful fighting force. To reach these goals and maintain headway, the Spanish National Service System is enacted requiring all men and women between the ages of seventeen and twenty-four (where physically and mentally capable) to serve three years of some form of national service. This leads to the current “Semi-Conscript, Primarily Professional” Spanish military of the modern day. With the SNSS and new Workers' Equal Rights laws in place, the efforts of Cascadian and Spanish women across the nation are rewarded with their first series of victories.

1909-1915 – Rearmament continues at a steady rate, the first Spanish Battleship class - the España Class - since the pre-dreadnaughts of the late 1880s and ‘90’s is laid down in mid 1909 with German oversight. Five vessels are ordered with the last completed in 1915, the five are later re-engined in 1921. Unfortunately, tax rates are steadily increased through the years to maintain the goals set forth and the government’s policy of a black budget takes a turn into the red with long term loans from the Germans and other friendly nations picking up the slack. As Spanish Economic systems are, growth is slow to maintain low deficit spending. With the meteoric rise of Portugal, Spain enters into agreements with its neighbor resulting in the construction of a very large and modern joint naval base at Puerto Limon in the Spanish territory of Costa Rica and the establishment of Spanish naval stations in the Azores and Cape Verde Islands.

1916-1919 – Colonial infrastructure is targeted for improvement while military and industrial growth continues at a rapid pace though Spanish efforts slip behind those of the Portuguese, somewhat hampered by strict spending limits and expensive colonial social improvement programs. Following the 1917 Treaty of Rome, Spain seeks a mutual defense alliance with the German Empire and strengthens cooperation and friendship between the two countries leaving the nation closely involved with the Empire, these agreements standing firm to the present day. Earlier, in 1916, the Ejército del Aire or “Army of the Air” is formed out of Aviation related elements of the Ejército de Tierra (Spanish Army) becoming its own branch amongst the Spanish Armed Forces. The Armada Española Arma Aérea or Naval Air Arm is subsequently founded a year later establishing Spanish Naval Aviation as a defined portion of the Armada.

1919-1922 – Slow but steady economic growth continues as does rearmament with increasingly advanced ship designs proposed then set aside as superior pure-German or German aided designs are considered, ordered and delivered. Colonial improvement programs are deemed great successes in Uruguay and Costa Rica though remain on going thereabout despite a shift of resources to programs in Spanish Sahara and Spanish Guinea. 1920 sees the start of the Rif War in Spanish Morocco pitting the as-of-then untested Spanish military against the Berber Rif and J’bala tribes of the region. The conflict lasts into late 1922 and sees the creation and deployment of the Tercio de Extranjeros (Spanish Foreign Legion) and one of history’s first amphibious landings. The Rifains are utterly crushed by the combined forces of the Ejército de Tierra, Ejército del Aire and the Armada Española securing Spanish Morocco and acting as a display of Spanish might and technological advancement for the world to whiteness.

1922-1925 – Victory in the Rif War bolsters military advancement and orders go through for some of the latest German export warships while plans for a domestically produced Spanish Battleship are quietly underway and studies undertaken for the consideration of the production or acquisition of dedicated Aircraft Carrier type vessels. In preparation, construction begins on new shipbuilding infrastructure in 1922. The Ejército de Tierra sees the creation of new armored and motorized infantry units though these are in early stages of development and remain small in numbers while the Ejército del Aire retires and replaces many of its older aircraft and commissions its first flight of female pilots - proving the legacy left by the Cascadian activists remains strong to the present day. In 1924, gold is discovered in Spanish Guinea improving investment there while the overall Spanish economy continues up at its usual inchworm pace and deficits are successfully reigned in.

March 7th, 1925 – Her Majesty, Queen Regnant Marian Alfonso Francisca of Spain will celebrates her forty-fifth birthday.

If anyone has any problems here or there, let me know and I can alter things. If you'd like your nation to have some hand in Spanish History let me know how and when and I can try to work you in.

EDIT: Cascadian Women's Rights groups added in, finally!
- Beginnings of Spanish Submarine Program added.

[Steve]

I'd intended Cascadia to be one of the first countries to see female suffrage - the states one by one ratifying it locally and the Constitution adding it in 1890 - with ever-increasing roles for women in Cascadian society, so it's entirely possible Cascadian women groups were helping organize and campaign in Spain for things like women being permitted into the civil service and such.

[Minister of Pigeonry]

I'd intended Cascadia to be one of the first countries to see female suffrage - the states one by one ratifying it locally and the Constitution adding it in 1890 - with ever-increasing roles for women in Cascadian society, so it's entirely possible Cascadian women groups were helping organize and campaign in Spain for things like women being permitted into the civil service and such.

I could see it, sure. Movements probably would have picked up steam following the removal of the Antonians from power (when the people once again had a voice) with victories during 1906-1909 with the inclusion of women in the Spanish National Service System and continued pressure promoting broader inclusion in military and government service leading to the female pilots and perhaps the appointment of a woman to a position on the Council of Ministers.

I think it would take the Cascadian groups’ help (perhaps based out of their Embassies in Spain?) to kind of shake the people of the repressed mindset left from Antonio’s regime to really start organizing. Would give Queen Marian organized public support for such reforms and help brush aside more conservative elements in the government.

[Steve]

That would work. And if Spain is close to Germany, that period is one of increasing German-Cascadian ties as well.

[Zor]

I am going to hold back on my history as i have a lot on my plate as of now.

Zor

[Minister of Pigeonry]

That would work. And if Spain is close to Germany, that period is one of increasing German-Cascadian ties as well.

Interesting, I'll get Cascadian groups worked in there over time, show growing influence and whatnot. I like these tie-ins, even if they're rather small, makes the world feel real and connected. And yes, Spain has been quite close to Germany since the Civil War.

[Evincer]

An Abbreviated History of the Bolivarian Union

The early nineteenth century in Pacific South America was characterized by the confederation of several newly-liberated countries into the Argentina/Chile and Peru/Bolivia Confederations respectively. In the eyes of Argentina, the formation of the Peru-Bolivian Confederation upset the regional balance of power, and threatened the borders of Chile. Argentinean support for North Peruvian separatism, as an attempt to destabilize the Peru-Bolivian Confederation, led to the War of the Confederation in 1836.

"But that was just one of the reasons behind the war. On a deeper level, both [Confederations] were in a heated competition for the control of the commercial routes on the Pacific; and for the Chileans specially, whose relations with independent Peru had already been strained by economic problems centering on the rivalry between their ports of Callao and Valparaíso." [OOC from Wikipedia]

After a series of naval actions, the two sides initiated peace negotiations, which broke down when the P-B C refused to dissolve. In the difficult jungle and mountainous terrain, the war became a bloody stalemate. The P-B C agreed to pay to Argentina the foreign debt owed by Peru prior to Confederation, and signed a treaty to respect Argentina-Chile's sovereignty. Both sides agreed to resume trade. The war and favourable settlement further solidified the integration of Argentina and Chile. Another mitigating factor in the peace was Argentina's successful seizure of valuable nitrate deposits from Bolivia.

Beginning in the 1840s, then, two opposing blocs faced one another in Pacific South America. However, they maintained important trading relations, and a mutual desire to protect the sovereignty of liberated South American states.

Despite the peace settlement and Confederation, the diverse peoples and economies that formed the P-B C suffered a hegemonic crisis, a crisis of elites and leadership in the nineteenth-century that was exacerbated by the rising socialist/communist movements in Brazil and elsewhere.

The peasants and indigenous populations are a major force in P-B politics. Around the time of the First Brazillian civil war, Radical liberals helped the peasantry organize in order to overthrow the leadership of the conservative elements. The liberals succeeded, but betrayed the peasants, refusing to enact most of their promises. The Uprisings of 1841 ended with radical liberals in power, but few of the reforms demanded by peasants.

While the liberals pursued a modernization program, peasants and indigenous peoples begin self-organizing.

Growth in the urban working and middle-classes led to a strengthening of the social-democratic and, later, communist parties.

In the 1880s, naval tensions with Argentina/Chile led to the hiring of several unemployed submarine pioneers from Europe. The P-B C provided funding for them to start design and production of very early submarines, establishing a tradition that has continued for almost 45 years.

The naval build-up and depression of the late nineteenth-century led to economic troubles for much of P-B's populace.

in 1906, the 3rd Brazilian civil war spilled over into P-B. Communists led the peasants into open revolt and brought down the republic. There is a protracted campaign as P-B is made up of two regional centres, and conservative elements attempted to separate. The Argentinian intervention, however, delegitimized the cause of the separatists. Recognizing the danger, the radical liberal elements of the army allied with the revolutionaries and suppressed the separatists.

Recognizing their mutual dependence, the victorious forces debated over the future of the country and a compromise was reached in the patriotic heritage of Simon Bolivar and his vision of a free, united Latin America. The need to fully enfranchise disaffected elements of P-B society were recognized in full universal citizenship, proportional representation, and mass democracy.

The indigenous population in particular received enfranchisement in the form of local autonomy and self-governance. The Andes region became autonomous, accepting indigenous demands to enter the modern world on their own terms. Indigenous peoples have formed co-operatives, tribal self-government assemblies, ejidos, and other interesting forms of government and economic arrangements. Some military units are completely indigenous-controlled, including several reserve mountain divisions, and others co-operate closely with the federated government, including the Andean Special Forces.

Since the establishment of a Bolivarian Union in 1909, the socialists, communists, and peasants together form a ruling coalition and the remainder are the liberals and the "Heritage Freedom Party" (conservatives) (together they compose the "Freedom Coalition.")

[Akhlut]

The history of Mongolia's government is on hold until I hear something from Bluewolf, as our countries are intimately connected, due to Mongolia having been a Chinese territory for several hundred years.

However, Mongolia has been industrialized by European capitalists in varying degrees since the 1850s when various valuable ores were found and, later on, when petroleum was discovered. At first, it was limited to mineral extraction, but due to the extreme climate and isolation of Mongolia, the capitalists decided to build onsite factories in order to sell refined resources and, later on, manufactured goods. Due to the need for labor, herding was increased to sell abroad in Tsarist Russia and China for more grain, while using some to boost population. All arable land was used to grow as much grain as possible and even marginal lands were and are pumped with fertilizers to grow as much as possible. This led to an enormous population boom (also due, in part, to immigration of nearby populations of Tatars, Russians, Buryats, Tuvans, etc.) which is highly urbanized (out of roughly 75 million, over 95% live in the enormous metropolises of Mongolia).

[Norseman]

I'd intended Cascadia to be one of the first countries to see female suffrage - the states one by one ratifying it locally and the Constitution adding it in 1890 - with ever-increasing roles for women in Cascadian society, so it's entirely possible Cascadian women groups were helping organize and campaign in Spain for things like women being permitted into the civil service and such.

Note that the FSR of Brazil has had universal suffrage since 1904, well in the Revolutionary areas since the Revolution began, but across the whole country since the victory in 1904. Not sure if there's a woman or two in the council of ministers though... the USSR didn't get one before the 1970s I think and she killed herself.

[K. A. Pital]

USSR didn't get one before the 1970s I think

Alexandra Kollontai served as the People's Commisar for Welfare (equivalent of minister) in 1917-1918 in the R.S.F.S.R. and remained a state senior official (an ambassador) from 1923 onwards. In my alt-USSR which lacks a Civil War, Maria Spiridonova is also active as a political servant, even though she occupies the position of Dzerzhinsky's deputy in the state security.

[Norseman]

USSR didn't get one before the 1970s I think

Alexandra Kollontai served as the People's Commisar for Welfare (equivalent of minister) in 1917-1918 in the R.S.F.S.R. and remained a state senior official (an ambassador) from 1923 onwards. In my alt-USSR which lacks a Civil War, Maria Spiridonova is also active as a political servant, even though she occupies the position of Dzerzhinsky's deputy in the state security.

Right, my bad, now I've got to start digging up names for Brazil... the only problem is that all the real world communists are too young to be involved here so I have to invent people. Mind you some of Brazil's late 19th century history is... unbelievably barbaric, like the end of the War of Canudos, I may borrow some names there. At least Antonio Gramsci will have a high ranking position, if the Tuscan player don't mind him having emigrated / being expelled.

[Bluewolf]

The Recent History of Qing China:


1809-1811: What is now known as modern Mongolia makes a bid to seperate in China in a long bloody war. Eventually China loses Mongolia and it becomes its own country. This is a firm blow to China with the country never trying to retake the former province again.

1839-1842: The Opium wars break out and China defeated soundly. The image of power is shattered like glass. The Treaty of Nanjing is signed which is the start of several unequal treaties.

1861-1894: The Self Strengthening Movement begins in an attempt to gain “practical knowledge “while at the same time while keeping the old mentality. This attempt at Modernisation concludes with limited success due to the significance of the political institutions and social ideas that had helped Western advancement. However modernisation across China starts to speed up due to the movement.

1898: Qing emperor, Guangxu starts a series of vast changes to the social and institutional order of China. This would push China into further modernisation in many areas. Opposition to these plans are met by many conservatives. Soon after a failed coup’detat, led by Empress Dowager Cixi was attempted, showing the barriers China faced to reform. Such opposition slowed progress but the reforms carried on. Some reform does cause problems though. For example some reforms within the army help the rise of warlords.

1908: The potential threat of the SAU is highlighted and there is some movement to be more organised in response to this. Little headway is made though.

1915: With the rise of Warlords came the eventual attempt to get rid of them. A large sweeping campaign spreads across China to removing them causing a lot of fighting. In the confusion, Guangxi and Hainan provinces are taken by the SAU.

1918: With the rising threats around the pacific, China launches a program to upgrade her lagging navy. A naval deal involving Britain was discussed but due to mistrust of Britain that had carried on from the Opium War, the seemingly outrageous demands China would have to pay and the arguing on both sides, the deal never came about. The Chinese navy remains weak and pathetic, even more so compared to the Imperial Japanese navy.

1918-1923: Shortly after the diplomatic disaster with Britain, China finds a potentially candidate in Germany to help naval upgrade. The deal goes far smoother with lessons learnt and finally a deal is signed meaning that Germany will export many ship designs to China. This is the start on a new Chinese-Germanic relationship.

1919: The rise of communism brings about unrest in China, wanting to emulate several of the recent communist countries. The Qing dynasty sees its survival and its effort to turn the country into a wealthy nation threatened and swiftly acts to put down the unrest. However despite the unrest reverberates across the whole of China causing a knock on effect of more riots and small rebellions.

1920 June 8th – November 23rd : With the hope of independence and the rebellions across China fuelling it Tibet moves to break free while the Chinese military is dealing with other rebellions. After a few months the movement for independence is crushed. The rebellions show that China’s military is a lot more equipped to deal with threats then it once was and is a positive sign of Chinese modernisation.

1921: A deal is made with the Greater German Empire to let them have a greater hold on Tsingtao, letting them have tripled the land area. In return, Germany promises now not only naval aid but industrial development and other military aid as well.

1923-Present: Another wave of Communist Ideals brings a new lease of life into Chinese dissent and rebellions spring up like wildfires. Yet again, Tibet becomes one of the most problematic provinces with this.

[Thanas]

People...it is not the Greater German Empire, it is just the german Empire.

I am not some Austrian corporal with delusions of grandeur.

[Steve]

I need to get with Rogue on this, maybe Bean to, but my idea is that while some Cascadian citizens may have supported the overthrow of the Hawaiian monarchy, the government generally did not as it saw its legitimacy as a bulwark against American or even British encroachment of the Islands (some officials may have considered the idea of annexing Hawaii first in such an event as the fall of the monarchy, but such a view was generally frowned upon).

I do figure this delays things, and that the Annexationists/republicans don't move until the Australian War aka the Cascadian-Manchurian War in 1889-1892, when they decide to try and make their move while the Cascadian government is occupied. This backfires when the Marine garrison at Pearl Harbor marches into Honolulu and overpowers what armed force the plotters were able to gather. Probably some bloodshed too, more than historically.

Rogue and I - and anyone else who thinks there could have been interest in Hawaii at the time - can arrange the ramifications, though generally it results in Hawaii coming into firm Cascadian orbit and ending up a semi-autonomous territory of Cascadia, electing non-voting delegates to the House of Representatives as well as Senators who only have power to vote on treaties and declarations of war. Domestically so long as the basic rights of the Cascadian Constitution are guaranteed the Hawaiian Kingdom has complete authority. Their status may eventually be updated to a full state.