Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Simon_Jester »

Destructionator XIII wrote:Anyway, there's about 900,000 abortions in the US each year according to the CDC. The latest Census numbers put 46 million people below the poverty line, about 17% of the population. The previous year had about 43 million. The economy is in the shitter, so this is probably reflective of that, but that's a growth of three million; about up 7% from the previous year.

Now, if every one of those abortions would have produced a baby in the poverty line - surely a big overestimate - the growth would have been ~ 30% more than it was, or up about 9% from the previous year.

This is where I got the one or two percentage points I think I left in one of these posts.
Yes, but that's in one year- I don't agree that you can discount the cumulative effect. Assume it's half the abortions that would be born below the poverty line, figure a child and teen mortality rate that's actually pretty harsh, and you're still looking at a group of over fifteen percent of all people presently in poverty, being in poverty eighteen years after an abortion ban.

Moreover, adding extra babies to a family teetering on the edge financially will tend to push people over the poverty line who wouldn't otherwise be there (so one baby may mean three or four more people 'in poverty' by official standards), and makes it harder for the parents to pull their way back out of the hole- especially with a single mother.

So the effect isn't limited to the increase in any one year.
(Note: this is already talking about growth, so I don't think accumulation of births would change the conclusion much. There's about 4 million live births in the county a year, and if about 1/6 of people are below the line, odds are a similar fraction is there for children too; we're doubling the growth rate from births, worst case scenario. The poverty growth from the failing economy - 3 million in one year (2010 I believe) - is far more significant.)
Yes, but we'd like to think that the economy will eventually restart. The increase due to more births in poverty won't go away nearly so fast, if at all.
In the big picture, we're definitely talking about <1% of government spending. If you're looking to cut something, this shouldn't be very high on the priority list.
It's not so much "save money- allow abortions!" It's "if you're willing to tell all women that they are required by law to carry pregnancies to term, and put the private burden of raising those children on the mothers, you should be willing to require a modest public burden of care on others."

Banning abortion puts a very large burden on a specific class of women- those who don't want children or don't think they can afford to have them, but are now forced to have them anyway no matter the cost. If the result (more children) is worth the cost to that group of people, it should be worth something to the rest of us, too.
You also talked about crime... maybe a small effect there, but it's not like babies are criminals. They might put financial pressure on parents who could turn to crime.. but I don't have numbers, but I'd be really, really surprised if it was > 1%.

Again, it just isn't a significant consequence.
No, I mean many of those babies are going to be born into a social environment already full of crime- which could be reduced effectively if we were willing to spend money and pay attention to the issue. But most people who would ban abortion are not willing to do this.
EDIT: I think I lost the forest for the trees in here. Yeah, maybe the policy makers see a benefit here... but I sure hope not. Pretty minor change, and that's the same kind of stuff used to justify shit like eugenics.
Again, it's not "allow abortions to save public money." It's "if we're going to ban abortions, if we care enough to do this to these women and create a specific law preventing them from doing this, then we should also care enough to do these other things."

It's like, we agree that if a man fathers a child, he's responsible for that child entering the world, and he should pay a nice big share of the costs of raising that child.

But when all of society says "this child must be carried to term and raised," then isn't all of society at least somewhat responsible for that child entering the world? Shouldn't society be willing to provide the funds to make the difference between misery and poverty for that child, and some reasonable degree of happiness and success?

The birth of children who would have been aborted is a consequence of our decisions as a civilization. Should we not be willing to help pay for the consequences, or does that burden fall entirely on a narrow group of women who knew they didn't want or couldn't afford to carry it?

Which, again, I actually would be- I'd be for society helping to pay with the usual (or more than usual) services in terms of education, crime prevention, antipoverty measures, and so on. Even though I don't want an abortion ban. But so many of the people who want such a ban don't seem to care about it- once the child is born, it becomes Someone Else's Problem and the costs of raising it go directly to the whore-mother who bore it.
Compare this to, say, the Catholic Church. When they had political power, they ran a lot of orphanages, schools, and charities- a chunk of tithe money went there. They still do some of that, even without political power. So while they were (and are) anti-abortion, they're more consistent about it: they continue to value the baby after it's born, and are willing to sacrifice from a communal pool of resources to make sure the baby has a chance of survival and a future.
Aye. BTW, do you know if this used to be much bigger forty years ago?
Probably not that much- I'm talking centuries ago; the Church's charity was a big deal in medieval times.

Note that if you go back far enough before the sexual revolution, a child born out of wedlock was a name-blackening scandal for the woman- about the only way she could get charity to help raise that child was to more or less abandon the baby on an orphanage doorstep.
Yeah- although really, opportunity isn't something you see much in anti-abortion arguments. For the fetus's opportunity to carry much moral weight you almost have to decide to consider the fetus human or near-human. And then the "dude, you're killing people" argument comes into play.
Right, though the human thing doesn't have to apply: opportunity is all about realizing potential, and we can all agree that fetuses are at least potential people. So maybe.
But we don't automatically assume that non-person things have some right to achieve potential that trumps the privacy and rights of other people. By turning the fetus's "potential-human" status into a really big deal that is weighed as equal to, say, the chunk of the mother's potential and opportunities she sacrifices by having the baby, you are implicitly accepting enough of the human status that the "dude, you're killing people" argument really should matter.
What I find interesting about it though is just that I've never seen it before. What you said about the Catholics is the same idea in a way: basically do what they can along the whole process, though for life rather than opportunity. But I just get joy over stuff like this.
Well, in theory they do, it's complicated. But the point is, no one can really accuse the Catholic church of having a history of being anti-abortion but indifferent to the plight of children in poverty, they do try to do something for poor children. It may not be exactly what I'd like, I might not approve of every last detail, but they try, so I don't accuse them of being a pack of goddamn hypocritical assholes about it, the way I do Protestant evangelists who are so obviously doing it out of misogyny.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by SCRawl »

RedImperator wrote:Meanwhile, on another prong of the discussion:
SCRawl wrote:Not a fan of most of Rep. Paul's usual schtick, but this seems much ado about not very much. He appears to be giving two different scenarios for a woman seeking an exemption for what would be, in his estimation, a good and just ban on abortion. I don't get the impression that he considers these to be the only two possible scenarios, but rather two extreme ends of situations on both ends of the spectrum. I will break it down a bit more:

Situation 1: a woman approaches Dr. Paul (who is, for some reason, putting in a shift at an emergency room), says that she was forced to have intercourse earlier that day, and wants to prevent pregnancy. She has a police report in hand, and her story checks out. Boom, estrogen, away you go.

The first scenario is, in his opinion, pretty cut-and-dried, and really I doubt that very many outside the militant anti-choice crazy people would deny her a permanent resolution to this one aspect of her new problem. I would find it difficult to find a clearer example of a person more deserving of an exemption to an abortion ban (which, fortunately, does not yet exist).
Wait, why does having a police report in hand make any difference whether the exception is justified? I assume you're playing devil's advocate for Paul here, but this is still sloppy philosophy. If you have a police report, a one-day-old fertilized embryo isn't human life, but if you don't, then it's not? Why would that be?

You can keep stepping back and it still doesn't make sense. Take away the requirement that the woman has evidence she was raped or a credible story or just the fact itself with no evidence whatsoever, you've still arbitrarily decided--for one day only--that a fertilized embryo is not human life, due to the manner in which it was conceived (which was obviously no fault of its own). Paul is just being inconsistent, probably because he doesn't want to look like a crazy person (even though the crazy no-compromise pro-lifers are actually holding a more sensible position). He's probably also genuinely sympathetic to rape victims, but the fact he's not able to set that sympathy aside for the sake of the embryo's alleged humanity just means he's morally confused.
I was trying to create two scenarios: one which would have been as clear as possible that it would be due an exception to an otherwise complete ban on abortion, and another which was far less likely to "earn" that exception. The police report in the hands of the rape victim was just another piece of evidence intended to make the position less ambiguous. In other words, taking Paul's side for the moment, yes, the fertilized egg is a thing worth protecting, but if it was done completely without the woman's consent then an exception could be made.

Unfortunately, I made that argument without first consulting the video, and Paul's explanation for his reasoning. It wasn't that he would have made an exception based on the merit of her situation, but rather because it could plausibly be denied that fertilization had taken place. The ER doctor giving her the shot of estrogen would be unable to detect pregnancy, and so it would be unknowable whether or not pregnancy would be aborted or merely averted.

I'm personally not happy with this latter line of reasoning, but then I'm not going to agree with very much of Paul's position in this matter.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Metatwaddle »

SCRawl wrote:Unfortunately, I made that argument without first consulting the video, and Paul's explanation for his reasoning. It wasn't that he would have made an exception based on the merit of her situation, but rather because it could plausibly be denied that fertilization had taken place. The ER doctor giving her the shot of estrogen would be unable to detect pregnancy, and so it would be unknowable whether or not pregnancy would be aborted or merely averted.
If this is all true, why did he qualify the first part with "if it's an honest rape"? If his position is "Plan B (or shots of estrogen, whatever) is okay, abortion is not", then it doesn't matter whether it was "honest rape", "dishonest rape", or consensual sex.

To me, this "honest rape" language illustrates what he thinks about rape victims: that when someone says she has been raped, the default position you should take is "she's lying". I think it also raises the specter of other common tropes about rape -- like that a virgin being raped by a total stranger in a parking garage is "more rape" than a sexually active sorority sister being raped by a friend of a friend in his frat house, that sort of thing.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by SCRawl »

Metatwaddle wrote:
SCRawl wrote:Unfortunately, I made that argument without first consulting the video, and Paul's explanation for his reasoning. It wasn't that he would have made an exception based on the merit of her situation, but rather because it could plausibly be denied that fertilization had taken place. The ER doctor giving her the shot of estrogen would be unable to detect pregnancy, and so it would be unknowable whether or not pregnancy would be aborted or merely averted.
If this is all true, why did he qualify the first part with "if it's an honest rape"? If his position is "Plan B (or shots of estrogen, whatever) is okay, abortion is not", then it doesn't matter whether it was "honest rape", "dishonest rape", or consensual sex.

To me, this "honest rape" language illustrates what he thinks about rape victims: that when someone says she has been raped, the default position you should take is "she's lying". I think it also raises the specter of other common tropes about rape -- like that a virgin being raped by a total stranger in a parking garage is "more rape" than a sexually active sorority sister being raped by a friend of a friend in his frat house, that sort of thing.
The video reveals that yes, his position is morally confused. Either that or he was talking without thinking very clearly about what he was saying.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by RedImperator »

Destructionator XIII wrote:
RedImperator wrote: If you have a police report, a one-day-old fertilized embryo isn't human life, but if you don't, then it's not? Why would that be?
Not sure exactly what SCRawl was going for, but I don't think Ron Paul was saying an abortion is justified there at all. I'm pretty sure (I could be wrong) that an estrogen shot the day after is a contraceptive, so no fertilization yet to worry about.

It looks to me that Paul answered with what he would do rather than what he wouldn't do. When I worked in customer service, they said always answer questions that way, since people don't like to hear "no". I'm sure the same rule applies in politics.

Then, talking about the other extreme, he could reiterate his core position for the conservative base, while giving moderates a "no" they are likely to agree with anyway.

tbh I didn't watch the entire video yet though.
Yeah I looked it up and there's actually some pretty serious scientific doubt that the morning after pill prevents implantation at all

But if that's the case, why bring up rape victims at all? I guess Paul's reasoning is that there's 1) enough doubt to say we can't know that a morning after pill is causing an abortion, and 2) it's worth taking the chance in the case of a rape victim because carrying your rapist's baby is a pretty rotten thing to have to do (as long as it was an "honest rape" and she's not a slut or anything, I guess), but this is still seems like a terrible muddle. Either there's enough doubt 24 or 72 or whatever hours after intercourse that Plan B is acceptable to anyone, or there's too much a chance there's an actual human being in there to risk it no matter what the circumstances. He's still basically arguing that by consenting to sex, women abrogate the right to their own uteruses regardless of the circumstances, and he's still carving out an exemption for rapes that doesn't actually make any sense given his justification for the above.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Simon_Jester »

I'd argue the fetus thing is about mind- what distinguishes a person from an animal is the property of intelligence or sapience or whatever you want to call it. That's a huge qualitative difference between almost any human and any animal, except for a few of the most intelligent species that raise serious ethical issues about anyway.

Up until about the age of viability, a fetus just... doesn't have the wetware to be fully a 'person' to my way of thinking.

Now, you can ask "Well, what about children or adult humans who don't have intelligence? What about brain damage?"

My answer to that is that the ethical reason we should be careful about how we treat them because of the consequences. When we become cruel and dismissive towards beings that are very like us physically but lack the mental equipment to be 'people,' it coarsens us and makes us more likely to be cruel and abusive towards those who are people. Moreover, except for humans who are literally born without a brain, or whose brain basically dissolves during a coma, even a badly brain-damaged human will still be an intelligent lifeform so the category is small and, I think, not that severe a problem with the ethical model.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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Destructionator XIII wrote:
Dalton wrote:Perhaps you can stop spouting lines of strawman bullshit.
You can stop spouting lines of contentless spam, or actually make an argument. Either way works for me. Or, I guess you could put your mod hat on, but until you do, I'll treat you the same way I'd treat anyone else.

Anyway, it is not valid to simply slap a label on an argument to dismiss it. You can call it a strawman, but you'll have to actually show why and how it is one before it is defeated.
You replaced "abortion" with "murder". That's a strawman. Far-right anti-abortion fanatics do this all the time, because they believe abortion is murder, but that doesn't mean you can adopt it as an assumption and then alter anyone's abortion-related statement the same way.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Alyrium Denryle »

Empathy is not the underpinning of ethics. Check out the secularity morality thread in SLAM from a little while ago for a discussion on this.
I did. I participated in it, last I checked. Arguments for ethics derived from sources other than the human mind and it's facilities are non-starters. Why? Because there is no external arbiter. What? Do you think the universe cried when the holocaust happened and that is what makes it wrong? No. The holocaust was wrong because I would not like to be in a concentration camp and generally think someone ought not put me in one. Other people can generally be assumed to be similar to me. Therefore, I ought not put people into a concentration camp.

The only difference between the major ethical systems is how this is applied to solve ethical dilemmas.
This is what I meant by arbitrary, though that might not be a good word for this. You're simply asserting these things. I guess 'axiom' is a better word. This is a necessary thing to have, but we should recognize it for what it is.
How about you provide complete quotations so as not to dishonestly represent my arguments via lack of context. Here:
I have moral obligations to a poor person
[...]
Because I have Zero obligation toward a fetus.
I have spelled out arguments regarding why i hold this to be true, rather than just asserting it like you have claimed in your revolting little strawman. But of course, that seems to be how you like to argue in this thread. I will remind you of Dalton's warning on the subject of stawmen.

How exactly would one mistreat a rock? Does it have dignity? Does it care if I step on it? No. Does the universe cry when I step on it? No. How about when I take out a chisel. The statement "one can harm or otherwise mistreat a rock" is ridiculous on its face, until you define how such mistreatment could occur. I am waiting.

As for the other part, here is the rest:
OK. What makes it relevant? I dont give a shit about whether you agree or not. A statement of opinion is worthless without an argument.
I do not give a shit if you agree with a statement. People dont "agree" with things all the time. Said agreement or disagreement is worthless without a REASON. Make an argument to show how I might mistreat a stone, or how I might misclassify something?
How do you handle the risk? This is a sideshow, but I'd like to know what you think.
Risks exist in the margins, so I tend to classify things higher than they otherwise would be, and tend to be risk averse. However, a fetus is really clear cut. Their nervous system can process signals of various types, but the connections permitting awareness of those stimuli are not complete until well into the third trimester, and even then, the fetus is endogenously sedated (in a biologically induced coma, effectively) until just before birth. The house has been built, but no one has moved in. Thus, I cannot murder people living inside.

A person is both a physical body and a collection of other traits - personality, memories, connections - many of the things you talked about.
Why is a physical body relevant? you are simply asserting things without evidence or argument. The very same thing you falsely accuse me of doing.
It also applies to other things: say you were forced to pick one of two animals to kill. One of them is an endangered species, the other is not. Which one do you kill?
A) that line of reasoning has no bearing on the question. This question is a non-sequiter.
B) All other things being equal, the non-endangered species. As mentioned before, other things at higher levels of organization such as intrinsic and instrumental value of nature itself that have far more complicated underpinnings, and are also irrelevant to this discussion, are what justify that.
It is bad enough to destroy a life, let's try to limit the collateral damage. But, a "species" doesn't have consciousness, doesn't feel pain... so I wonder what you'd do here.
Red Herring. Completely irrelevant to the discussion of abortion.
The answers to these questions always depend on the details. If it was a permanent and debilitating connection, maybe. That'd be ending the other guy's life, but the other choice involves its own costs, so it might go the other way.
This is a response to the question. Not an answer.
But, if it was a temporary connection and/or had a relatively minor affect on me, no, I would think it is wrong to disconnect. In other words, I'd personally prefer to find another way. (Note: this does not necessarily mean there should be a ban on this choice in law in any situation, and especially not the abortion one.)
Do not dodge the analogy. Go take a look at the risk of kidney transplant, having long term openings in one's body cavity, stress on the kidneys. They are analogous to pregnancy, and pregnancy is actually a very risky procedure, and often leads to affects on the mothers life for decades.

Answer the fucking question. Do not weasel out of it like a shit-covered stoat.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Alyrium Denryle »

Next, you're going to tell me that Mel Gibson is no true Scotsman.
No. Religious morality are commands, and tautological commands at that. A tautology is, you know, kinda fallacious.
Same thing with your subjective opinion, unless you back it up with actual logic, which so far you have refused to do. It is as if you read Plato, lost your mind while contemplating the mysteries of the dodecahedron, and decided that your new role model should be the sophists.
I just finished reading this link. (BTW, they said it may also be 15-25%, it isn't 50% for sure
I was going off memory when i posted the link. Sue me. Either way, it is not insignificant when you consider we have the highest violent crime rates in the western world, and they USED to be worse.
So, we're just talking about the statistical tie here, not right or wrong.
I did not use the paper as an ethical argument. I used it in support of the premises of an ethical argument of my own.

Here is the syllogism hidden in my argument.

Crime Reduction is Good, and should be preferred to the opposite (all other things being equal)
Permitting Abortion Reduces Crime
Therefore: Permitting Abortion is Good, and should be preferred to the opposite (all other things being equal)

This is not hard

Additionally, do not presume to lecture me about the utility of various forms of regression. More on this in a moment.
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Go learn how variance partitioning works. You display a lack of knowledge regarding what the term "explains 50% of the variance" means.

It means that out of a spread of data (in this case, variation in crime rates between years) a portion of it was explained by a relationship between crime and abortion whereby children who would otherwise have been born into poor homes, or to parents who did not want them (and who would thus be abused/neglected/just not raised well) were never actually born and thus do not contribute to crime.

We are not looking at 1 factor that causes X percent reduction in crime rates. We are looking at multiple factors, each one contributing to what the crime rate ends up being.
If being raised by a single parent leads to increased crime, it should have increased in the 90's. It didn't. Without this, the link starts to fall apart.
Unless other factors were in play that reduced it. You cannot just play connect the dots with data. You actually have to do the statistics. Additionally, it is called a time-lag. Some effects do not show themselves until well after the initial cause. For example in the case of abortion, you dont start to see a drop in crime until around 20 years post Roe v Wade, because the children who would have been born into shitty households and resort to crime never made it to maturity. Why on earth would an increase in single parent households in the 80s and 90s affect this? We would expect to see the results of that later as well, as the children reach maturity.
The pdf didn't mention a lot od relevant data. Why didn't they look directly at the number of poor? Or the number of single parent families? I did, and I have an explanation: it doesn't fit their conclusion.
Appeal to motive, for one. Second... Already dealt with in the literature... Third, it is not what they were interested in
They go on to note that
“the marginal children who were not born as a result of abortion
legalization would have systematically been born into less favorable
circumstances if the pregnancies had not been terminated:
they would have been 60 percent more likely to live in a singleparent
household, 50 percent more likely to live in poverty, 45
percentmore likely to be in a household collecting welfare, and 40
percent more likely to die during the Žrst year of life.”
They were looking to see if this proposed relationship was true. Given the statistics about the circumstances of aborted fetuses, does the presence of those individuals actually being raised vs not have an impact on crime.

Oh, and yes. The authors DID look directly at the number of poor.
A higher state
unemployment rate is associated with signiŽcant increases in
property crime, but not violent crime, consistent with previous
research [Freeman 1995]. The three other measures of state
economic conditions—per capita income, the poverty rate, and
AFDC generosity (lagged Žfteen years to roughly correspond with
the early years of life of the current teenagers) do not systematically
affect crime. Shall-issue concealed carry laws appear to
signiŽcantly increase the amount of property crime, but have no
effect on violent crime or murder. Finally, beer consumption is
weakly linked with higher crime rates, but never signiŽcantly so.
You lying shitbrick. What, were you counting on me not to have re-read the paper in the interim between my posting it and your reply? Do you not think I have grown to expect intellectual dishonesty from you by now?
3) They only talked about other countries in isolation, but if this is a casual trend, shouldn't this same effect be available worldwide? Canada's abortion history is quite different than America's, but their crime history is similar. How does abortion being a primary cause explain that?
They did not look at it. Sorry. They had enough data to deal with as it is. It is not a problem for a study to say it did not address something that it did not aim to look at. If I write a paper on dominant calling frequency and mating success in Acris crepitans, you cannot criticize the paper because I did not also look at Pixiecephalus adspersus.

Also: It is CAUSAL, you retard, not CASUAL.
edit: sorry, 50% of the reduction, not 50% reduction. But this would mean the slope changed significantly in that time, and I didn't see that at all.
No moron. That is not how it works. A regression partitions the variance in the response variable to its respective causes. You cannot naively look at a trend line in the response variable and conclude that a relationship with a causal variable is not there.

For instance: Say I have some response variable... Oh, I dont know... Cancer rate or something like that, by state, over time. As predictor variables, I have smoking rate, and exposure to various toxins like pesticides. Assume for this thought experiment that other variables are irrelevant.

Smoking has been going down over time, to various degrees across all states, pesticide exposure going up. Well, cancer is going up. By your logic, there is no link between smoking and cancer. That is a load of bullshit. The net effect is just larger for pesticides than smoking, and if one does the math, one can statistically remove the effect of pesticides, and only look at the relationship between smoking and cancer.

So either do your god damn math and show me your data tables (because I dont trust you) or do not make claims about statistical trends, you have no expertise and no knowledge of what you are talking about.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Alyrium Denryle »

I've been saying a lot that all other things aren't equal, and moreover, this is very dangerous.
Gee, that could be because ethics is rather complicated, and it is useful to isolate factors so they can be dealt with. You have used the very phrase yourself, so dont move your damn goal-posts.
They went from "cut welfare costs" to "forced sterilization of minorities". Call it a slippery slope, but this actually happened. I could see this same thing happening with "cut crime rates".
There is a BIG difference between saying "People we deem unsuitable for having children will be made to not have them" and "women who are not ready to have children and wont do a good job raising them for a variety of reasons, know this, and will often act accordingly of their own volition"

What you describe is simply not applicable in this case. One is taking a permissive attitude that on average yields a good result. The other is coercion. You will notice my syllogism says PERMIT abortion, not MANDATE. Thou shalt not use false analogies. Thou shalt not use arguments from a slippery slope. Thou shalt not use strawmen.
If the change was as big as they say, as widespread as they say, and legalized abortion was the cause, why didn't they replicate the results in other countries? Why didn't someone else replicate the results?
Because no one has tried? There are a lot of studies that do not get replicated because no one else studies the issue, because data is not available etc.

If you want to throw stones about snipping, you shouldn't be breaking up a paragraph like you did, then complain something wasn't addressed that actually was right there.


My apologies. I missed it. However, that mathematical qualm was addressed elsewhere anyway, in the bit about things with multiple causes acting in opposition. Single parent houses also may well not be the actual cause. Most often, single parent households are simply poorer than multi-parent households, so one needs to control for poverty. It is likely that most of the variation explained by single parent households is in fact an artifact, and the actual root cause is simple poverty.
If abortion accounts for half in the rate of change in crime in a place as big and diverse as the United States, the slope should show some change with it reliably in other countries.
Again: Variance partitioning does not work that way. Nor will that number be the same in all systems.

For example: Abortion acts in this system via poverty. Fewer children are born into it etc. If another system has a different history, changes in abortion laws wont have the same effect. Take Norway for example. For a long time, Norway has had very low poverty rates, its prison system is rehabilitative rather than punitive etc. They have a lot going for them in terms of having a naturally low crime rate. A change in abortion laws wont affect this much, because the mechanism through which it acts to affect crime rates in the US is simply not as applicable.

On the opposite side of the coin, if I take a country like South Africa and change their abortion laws so few children are born impoverished, I would expect a large effect size.

Additionally: I am not seeing any data. Oh, that is right. They did not do any actual math. They asserted something using bad statistical reasoning, and did not test it. Fuck them, and fuck you for wasting my time.

I will play your game though. Why not. Results replicated in Canada, Australia and Romania
http://www.freakonomics.com/2005/05/15/ ... u-believe/
Hey, I'll admit I'm not qualified to get into the details of the math. But, surely their peers are. And their peers criticized it pretty harshly, finding serious flaws.

Interestingly, none of them talked about sex-ed on wikipedia. I suspect that's at least as big of an impact.
As it happens, I happen to actually be an expert on statistics. Go figure, the biologist who makes his career statistically analyzing large populations of organisms might be one.

Their effect size was reduced. Not nullified. If you are going to appeal to authority, at least have your conclusions follow logically from your sources. Non-Sequiter. Thou Art Guilty.

As for Sex Ed, if anything, the results will wash or be in the opposite direction. Why? Because sex ed in the US is absolute crap, and promotes actual lies about human reproductive health, contraception etc that increases the rate of unwanted pregnancy and children born in poverty/to single moms.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Junghalli »

Alyrium Denryle wrote:I did. I participated in it, last I checked. Arguments for ethics derived from sources other than the human mind and it's facilities are non-starters. Why? Because there is no external arbiter. What? Do you think the universe cried when the holocaust happened and that is what makes it wrong? No. The holocaust was wrong because I would not like to be in a concentration camp and generally think someone ought not put me in one. Other people can generally be assumed to be similar to me. Therefore, I ought not put people into a concentration camp.
I'm not sure if empathy is the only ethics-enforcing mechanisms that comes from the human mind though, or even the heavy muscle of ethics-enforcement.

I'm not sure the mechanism that does the heavy lifting is empathy so much as adherence to codes of conduct, be they religious, legal, or philosophical.

David Brooks wrote an interesting essay on this: The Limits of Empathy. You might not agree with it and I think you and D13 might be using a different definition of empathy from him, but you might find it worth checking out.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Alyrium Denryle »

Junghalli wrote:
Alyrium Denryle wrote:I did. I participated in it, last I checked. Arguments for ethics derived from sources other than the human mind and it's facilities are non-starters. Why? Because there is no external arbiter. What? Do you think the universe cried when the holocaust happened and that is what makes it wrong? No. The holocaust was wrong because I would not like to be in a concentration camp and generally think someone ought not put me in one. Other people can generally be assumed to be similar to me. Therefore, I ought not put people into a concentration camp.
I'm not sure if empathy is the only ethics-enforcing mechanisms that comes from the human mind though, or even the heavy muscle of ethics-enforcement.

I'm not sure the mechanism that does the heavy lifting is empathy so much as adherence to codes of conduct, be they religious, legal, or philosophical.

David Brooks wrote an interesting essay on this: The Limits of Empathy. You might not agree with it and I think you and D13 might be using a different definition of empathy from him, but you might find it worth checking out.

It is not the only driver of human behavior, no. It is however a driver for ethical thought and ethical reasoning. It is the reason people ask the question "Why should I behave ethically at all?", and what is, largely, applied in the formation of the various ethical systems either directly or indirectly.

Argument from counter-example: Sociopaths do not feel empathy. They answer the "Why should I behave ethically at all?" question with "....no reason", and follow through with not doing so to the extent that they wont get caught, and view others as objects to be used. If we had an in-born desire to follow codes of conduct that was actually driving ethics, then when sociopaths were examined, they would no have defects in the parts of their brain dealing with empathy, and few if any other differences. They do.

I will trust cognitive neuroscience on this one, I think.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by The Yosemite Bear »

just how did such a misgynistic worm being manage to make a living as an OB/GYN without alienating all of his clients?
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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The Yosemite Bear wrote:just how did such a misgynistic worm being manage to make a living as an OB/GYN without alienating all of his clients?
Going from memory, when he started his practice, he was literally the only game in town and when he went into politics and took on a partner, he demanded that they never take medicare/medicaid and never perform abortions. Its a nice advantage to be the only doctor of that type in the area, get to make all your personal viewpoints impact all sorts of people, for their own good of course.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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Destructionator XIII wrote:If you justify rights based on some dubious social outcome, that opens the door to:
...
How else do you justify rights? Obviously, the popular phrase "self-evident" is a ridiculous way to justify anything. Legalism is also a pitiful way to justify anything. If you think that outcomes are an unacceptable way to justify rights, then please, by all means, describe a good way.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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If I were running things I'd just find out when a fetus typically first develops a functioning brain, subtract a little from it as a safety margin, ban all abortions after that point, and make them trivial before that point. Have fifty, whatever. But you know, that blob of goo could be a baby eventually and that apparently counts in the minds of the god-addled, apparently.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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DudeGuyMan wrote:If I were running things I'd just find out when a fetus typically first develops a functioning brain, subtract a little from it as a safety margin, ban all abortions after that point, and make them trivial before that point. Have fifty, whatever. But you know, that blob of goo could be a baby eventually and that apparently counts in the minds of the god-addled, apparently.
Depending on how you define "functioning brain", the "acceptable to abort" line could be anywhere from 24 weeks to 2 years old. Don't get me wrong, I think this is the one of the few rational ways to do it (and the others all involve some fairly esoteric philosophy I don't really understand), but it's not easy, and has some potentially huge knock-on effects (drawing the line at 24 weeks, for example, makes vegetarianism practically obligatory unless you resort to special pleading).
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Eternal_Freedom »

RedImperator wrote:
DudeGuyMan wrote:If I were running things I'd just find out when a fetus typically first develops a functioning brain, subtract a little from it as a safety margin, ban all abortions after that point, and make them trivial before that point. Have fifty, whatever. But you know, that blob of goo could be a baby eventually and that apparently counts in the minds of the god-addled, apparently.
Depending on how you define "functioning brain", the "acceptable to abort" line could be anywhere from 24 weeks to 2 years old. Don't get me wrong, I think this is the one of the few rational ways to do it (and the others all involve some fairly esoteric philosophy I don't really understand), but it's not easy, and has some potentially huge knock-on effects (drawing the line at 24 weeks, for example, makes vegetarianism practically obligatory unless you resort to special pleading).
IIRC in Britain the cut-off is 24 weeks, although there has been talk of lowering it to 21 weeks. Abortions are possible past 24 wees if two doctors certify (independently) that it is medically necessary.

On a nother note, what do you mean by:
drawing the line at 24 weeks, for example, makes vegetarianism practically obligatory unless you resort to special pleading
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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Eternal_Freedom wrote:IIRC in Britain the cut-off is 24 weeks, although there has been talk of lowering it to 21 weeks. Abortions are possible past 24 wees if two doctors certify (independently) that it is medically necessary.

On a nother note, what do you mean by:
drawing the line at 24 weeks, for example, makes vegetarianism practically obligatory unless you resort to special pleading
A 24-week old fetus can feel pain but has very few, if any higher reasoning functions, and clearly don't have the same mental capacity as an adult vertebrate--maybe an adult fish, but certainly not any tetrapod that I can think of. If you're just going by "brain function" to determine moral worth, then there's nothing distinguishing a 24-week old fetus from a chicken or a pig, and if you're going to argue it's morally wrong to kill one, you're going to have a hard time excusing the other without resorting to special pleading or potentiality arguments or something like that (especially since legally mandating a woman carry an unwanted pregnancy to term is a pretty serious imposition that shouldn't be taken lightly, whereas for the overwhelming majority of people, especially Westerners, meat is not a dietary necessity and please oh please nobody start some stupid fucking tangent about rare disorders or Eskimos who need vitamin D or hunter-gatherers in the Kalahari or some stupid shit like that because they're special exceptions that don't disprove general statements).
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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Ah, I see what you mean. I thought you were making some clever in-joke. Thanks.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Simon_Jester »

RedImperator wrote:
DudeGuyMan wrote:If I were running things I'd just find out when a fetus typically first develops a functioning brain, subtract a little from it as a safety margin, ban all abortions after that point, and make them trivial before that point. Have fifty, whatever. But you know, that blob of goo could be a baby eventually and that apparently counts in the minds of the god-addled, apparently.
Depending on how you define "functioning brain", the "acceptable to abort" line could be anywhere from 24 weeks to 2 years old. Don't get me wrong, I think this is the one of the few rational ways to do it (and the others all involve some fairly esoteric philosophy I don't really understand), but it's not easy, and has some potentially huge knock-on effects (drawing the line at 24 weeks, for example, makes vegetarianism practically obligatory unless you resort to special pleading).
If you figure consciousness starts at, say, 28 weeks, you might push the line up a little just in case- the potentiality argument is worth something to me.

Put it this way, which is worse to do to a woman? Willfully inducing a miscarriage in a woman who's four months pregnant without her consent, or killing her pet lizard without her consent? I think most people would tend to consider the first worse than the second in some sense, and would be surprised if a woman was no more bent out of shape by losing a four-month pregnancy than she was by losing a pet lizard. Even though if you go strictly by phylogeny, the fetus isn't physically more advanced or capable than a lizard, and certainly doesn't have any more of a thought process.


So yes, I'm in favor of according a little extra status to fetuses compared to animals of equal mental development because of the 'proto-human' angle- this is part of why we make such a big deal about prenatal care and protecting pregnant women, and doing so is good for society as a whole.

Another argument is that ontogeny isn't 100% reliable- can we say with confidence that all 24-week fetuses lack enough higher thought processes to qualify as human? 25 weeks? 26 weeks? One fetus might develop 2 or 3% faster than another. What if there's a 5% chance that a fetus qualifies, and a 95% chance that they don't? Suddenly I'm reminded of a hunter firing his rifle into a bush that probably doesn't contain another hunter; it's not very responsible or ethical behavior to take the chance.

Of course, my conclusion from that is "better to do the abortion before the question even comes up, at a time like 16 weeks when we know we're not dealing with something that has higher thought processes." Because I don't take the potentiality argument all the way, it's worth something but not an infinite amount.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

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Simon_Jester wrote:
RedImperator wrote:
DudeGuyMan wrote:If I were running things I'd just find out when a fetus typically first develops a functioning brain, subtract a little from it as a safety margin, ban all abortions after that point, and make them trivial before that point. Have fifty, whatever. But you know, that blob of goo could be a baby eventually and that apparently counts in the minds of the god-addled, apparently.
Depending on how you define "functioning brain", the "acceptable to abort" line could be anywhere from 24 weeks to 2 years old. Don't get me wrong, I think this is the one of the few rational ways to do it (and the others all involve some fairly esoteric philosophy I don't really understand), but it's not easy, and has some potentially huge knock-on effects (drawing the line at 24 weeks, for example, makes vegetarianism practically obligatory unless you resort to special pleading).
If you figure consciousness starts at, say, 28 weeks, you might push the line up a little just in case- the potentiality argument is worth something to me.

Put it this way, which is worse to do to a woman? Willfully inducing a miscarriage in a woman who's four months pregnant without her consent, or killing her pet lizard without her consent? I think most people would tend to consider the first worse than the second in some sense, and would be surprised if a woman was no more bent out of shape by losing a four-month pregnancy than she was by losing a pet lizard. Even though if you go strictly by phylogeny, the fetus isn't physically more advanced or capable than a lizard, and certainly doesn't have any more of a thought process.
A forced abortion would be emotionally devestating for most women because she personally values the fetus; she may value it, technically, because it's a potential son or daughter, but the fetus doesn't gain any intrinsic moral worth because of its potential to one day become a human being. If she doesn't value the fetus, then its potential personhood is worth nothing (or little enough that abortion is permissable, at any rate). Whereas if you draw the "wrong to kill" line at "feels pain", then yes, it is actually wrong to kill a pet lizard because it has moral worth independent of the owner's feelings towards it (most people buy this argument whether they realize it or not; otherwise, what argument is there against, say, dogfighting, if the dogs are only valued by their owners because they can fight?). You can still believe a forced abortion is worse than killing a pet lizard because the emotional harm to the woman is worse, without weighing the fetus's potential at all.
Another argument is that ontogeny isn't 100% reliable- can we say with confidence that all 24-week fetuses lack enough higher thought processes to qualify as human? 25 weeks? 26 weeks? One fetus might develop 2 or 3% faster than another. What if there's a 5% chance that a fetus qualifies, and a 95% chance that they don't? Suddenly I'm reminded of a hunter firing his rifle into a bush that probably doesn't contain another hunter; it's not very responsible or ethical behavior to take the chance.
That's...true, but I'm not sure how relevant it's suposed to be. You can draw the line practically anywhere and still run into problems--the earlier you set it, the more non-human animals you sweep into the net; the later, the more likely it is to trip our "baby! killing is wrong!" instincts.

And if you're making a case for fetal personhood, why wouldn't you be compelled to draw the line as conservatively as reasonably possible?
Of course, my conclusion from that is "better to do the abortion before the question even comes up, at a time like 16 weeks when we know we're not dealing with something that has higher thought processes." Because I don't take the potentiality argument all the way, it's worth something but not an infinite amount.
Well I'm sure it would, but you can't test ethical positions with clear-cut cases. Anyway, I don't think you've actually defended a potentiality argument at all in this post; you certainly haven't explained why potential personhood is especially valuable, or why it matters in the case of, say, a six month old fetus but not a six day old embryo. I'll be honest; I don't really see most potentiality arguments as anything but special pleading anyway, since most seem to assign personhood at some level that excludes most or all non-human animals, which also excludes very small children, infants, and older fetuses, and then create a special exemption from "okay to kill" for very small children, infants, and older fetuses because of their biological species.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Simon_Jester »

RedImperator wrote:A forced abortion would be emotionally devestating for most women because she personally values the fetus; she may value it, technically, because it's a potential son or daughter, but the fetus doesn't gain any intrinsic moral worth because of its potential to one day become a human being. If she doesn't value the fetus, then its potential personhood is worth nothing (or little enough that abortion is permissable, at any rate). Whereas if you draw the "wrong to kill" line at "feels pain", then yes, it is actually wrong to kill a pet lizard because it has moral worth independent of the owner's feelings towards it (most people buy this argument whether they realize it or not; otherwise, what argument is there against, say, dogfighting, if the dogs are only valued by their owners because they can fight?). You can still believe a forced abortion is worse than killing a pet lizard because the emotional harm to the woman is worse, without weighing the fetus's potential at all.
Arguably.

I don't know- I'm reluctant to discard the "potential" argument outright, because I think there's a broad category of moral rules that you might say come as 'penumbra rights' of humanity. I don't think those rules are as strong as the rules against killing or hurting human beings, but I think they're worth pursuing in themselves because abandoning them altogether can undermine our treatment of humans.

That's where rules about the treatment of corpses, about highly disabled people, and about fetuses start to come in. With each of these classes you can ask "how human is this?" and get varying answers- "not at all, but it once was; not as much as we'd like right now; not yet, but it might be one day." I think that being too broad about the conduct we accept toward... quasihumans... on the far side of the line, the greater the risk.

That's how we ended up with a medical establishment out to sterilize or lobotomize or even kill off people with disabilities- because we went a little too far down a slope that is a little slippery. That's how we end up with partial-birth abortions, which as far as I can tell serve little useful purpose, except to offer anti-abortion groups the moral high ground. That's how we end up with the mishandling of human remains, much to the grief of the families later on.

Not all those things are equally wrong, and some of them can be done by well-intentioned people. But I think there's some moral obligation that we should extend to things that almost are, might soon be, or were once people. Not unlimited status, not absolute, but something to discourage us from being too cavalier about it.

Some of the more intelligent animals on the planet can fall under the penumbra too. But 'which ones' is a hard question, and since I don't think it can be answered at our level of knowledge about intelligence, I think it puts the debate on vegetarianism and the ethics of carnivores right about where it would have been anyway. There's broad agreement for a lot of people that very intelligent animals like apes, cetaceans, elephants, and dogs have a strong claim on our moral consideration, probably a stronger one than most of the normal meat animals would. For me, part of that consideration comes from the idea that they're almost people- somewhere within shouting distance of the intelligence it takes to be a person.
And if you're making a case for fetal personhood, why wouldn't you be compelled to draw the line as conservatively as reasonably possible?
I'd draw the "reasonable" line at... I don't know, three or four weeks short of the point at which we know higher thought begins? 24 weeks might be a good benchmark for that purpose- I'm not an ontologist, so I don't know for sure.
Well I'm sure it would, but you can't test ethical positions with clear-cut cases. Anyway, I don't think you've actually defended a potentiality argument at all in this post; you certainly haven't explained why potential personhood is especially valuable, or why it matters in the case of, say, a six month old fetus but not a six day old embryo.
Again, it's a question of degree of closeness. "More than zero" closeness to 'fully human' isn't enough to justify any real consideration. A lot of closeness... to me, I think it's a worthwhile principle to care about that.
I'll be honest; I don't really see most potentiality arguments as anything but special pleading anyway, since most seem to assign personhood at some level that excludes most or all non-human animals, which also excludes very small children, infants, and older fetuses, and then create a special exemption from "okay to kill" for very small children, infants, and older fetuses because of their biological species.
Higher thought, at least on a basic level, seems to exist in humans from birth or as close to it as makes no difference; we could draw a line there without having to make any special exceptions, and (probably) without having to include any animal.
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Alyrium Denryle »

If you justify rights based on some dubious social outcome, that opens the door to:

1) The right going away when the social outcome is disputed. "Oh, well, abortion doesn't actually save welfare money, so if we cut it, who cares." Or, on the other side, "Abortion saves welfare money in the short term, but it actually reduces the available workforce down the line. Restrict abortion now, or you and I won't get our Social Security."

These things are logical. But, women (correct me if I'm wrong) don't argue for abortion rights because it means they can pay lower taxes or have less crime.

You're doing a disservice to the people who actually have a stake in this debate by making it about someone else. The effects, if they exist, on crime or welfare are irrelevant. Again.
There is a reason why I am not using this as my only argument. Direct benefit to the mother is the other reason. As I have said, a fetus has only instrumental value. No intrinsic. It is the moral equivalent of a rock and you have provided no argument to the effect that a rock should be considered to have moral worth that is not circular. ANY moral claim by a being or entity with intrinsic value will grant the right to kill the fetus.

I have gone over this at length. You are committing yet another strawman, something you have been warned about in this thread.

The other part of this argument is a load of shit, because in the US at least, abortion rates are not sufficient to bring our birth rate below replacement, and even if they were, having a constantly growing population is not in the best interests of our entire god damn species (and before you say anything, neither is a massive collapse).
2) That social outcome being used to justify going further. "Abortion has a huge effect on crime rates, which is what people talk about in this debate. The problem is, not enough people are making the right choice. I vote for some encouragement!"

Thanks, it just turned into a mandate. But, it was for the greater good of people like me! I actually remember threads on this board with people advocating this kind of thing! And, we have the historical eugenics programs, while not coming from abortion, they did explicitly come from some dubious society benefit, without thinking much about the people (often minorities) they were hurting.
It is impossible to go from permissiveness to mandate using that argument unless you commit a massive non-sequiter, reliant upon a strawman of my argument. A double fallacy. Perhaps you will astound me and commit a triple. Why? Because of the premise that a mother knows better than the state what the right choice for her is in this regard. It is impossible using that logic to conclude that she is not making the right choice. You have, so far, made very few non-fallacious arguments in this entire thread
Ah, but you don't understand, Blacks aren't like you and me. Just look at the statistics: they are more likely to be poor, uneducated and criminals. We have to do something about their breeding rate, for their own good, and for the good of society.
...


:wtf:

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:finger:

Fuck you. My argument is predicated on the idea that humans by and large have the same brain processes. Black people feel pain like I do. They suffer like I do. They experience love and joy like I do. Therefore, I can conclude that things which cause me harm cause them harm, and things which bring them joy bring me joy. There is the issue of masochists to consider, but that is in the margins (and ultimately a masochist derives pleasure from the endorphin released during the sensation of controlled pain. They are willing to bear the pain to reach that pleasurable high. i am not. Fundamentally it is in support of the argument anyway).

Poverty and crime are Extrinsic to black people. They are not caused by them being black, they are caused by the history of civil rights, and racism extrinsic to them. You damn well know this, and you race-bait with a strawman anyway. You are a sad and pathetic excuse for a human being. A sophist with no ability or willingness to engage in rational thought. Do me, and the rest of the world a favor. Go get a vasectomy and dont inflict the spawn you might produce on the rest of humanity.
Don't you see how dangerous this is?
No. Because your argument is fallacious.
But, now all you have to do to be ok with it is to say they aren't like us. It's different, you see.
And the argument is still fallacious.
The universe does (metaphorically) cry when you do something wrong
Prove it.
This isn't something you can pull out an instrument and measure. It isn't lights on a CAT scan. But, ethics are nonetheless universal (kinda like math). It's a code, created by man, yes, but it that tries to find something independent of us.
Except that in math, you are referring to something you can Fucking Measure.
Math is universal, not a product of our brain layout, not a quirk of evolution.
Again, Math refers to something we can measure. It describes or predicts that which we can measure. If you reject the idea that ethics are intrinsic to us and explicitly deny the idea that the underpinnings of ethics are not found inside our minds, you reject the very thing that gives mathematics, and ethics, any meaning.

Why do we need codes of conduct at all? We dont, unless the results of our actions negatively impact someone. The universe does not care. If it did, we would not live in a cosmic shooting gallery, and Ebola would not exist.

We require ethics because we are a social animal, living in complex social groups. We evolved them. Therefore, they exist as a part of our physiology. That has been proven with actual science and math. The entire fields of cognitive neuroscience, evolutionary psychology, social psychology, and philosophy of mind, and neuro-linguistics disagree with you. What is your response to this? To plug your ears and scream "CARTESIAN DUALISM! TABULA RASA! TABULA RASA!"?

The more I talk to you, the less I am convinced that you actually pass a turing test.
GALE Force Biological Agent/
BOTM/Great Dolphin Conspiracy/
Entomology and Evolutionary Biology Subdirector:SD.net Dept. of Biological Sciences


There is Grandeur in the View of Life; it fills me with a Deep Wonder, and Intense Cynicism.

Factio republicanum delenda est
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Alyrium Denryle
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Re: Ron Paul: only ‘honest rape’ merits abortion

Post by Alyrium Denryle »

Forgot about this:
That makes sense to me, but from page 27 of the pdf:

"The three other measures of state economic conditions -- per capita income, the poverty rate, and AFDC generosity [...] do not systematically affect crime."

:S want to explain to stats-ignorant me what that means? I'm guessing I don't know what systematically means in this context, cuz this looks really bizarre.
One can look at something like poverty in a few ways, some of those ways are more informative than others. For example, this study looked at percent of population under poverty line. But i will talk about the others first, by way of contrast


Per Capita Income: Gives very little data on relative poverty. High incomes in some portions will bias the mean, and it provides no information about the dispersion of income. Additionally, how far money goes can vary wildly over time independently of inflation, and from region to region. Rent for example is very different in some states than in others, and through time. Rent was, for example, a lot cheaper in AZ a number of years ago because cities were not yet locked in by their own sprawl. Now cities like tempe are in fact locked in and cannot expand, so rent is more expensive.

AFDC generosity is another one that A) varies over time independently of actual need with changes in budgeting etc B) There are many poor people who dont qualify for a number of reasons, or who simply are not enrolled.

Percent under poverty line however, is the percent of people in the population who cannot afford basic good and services. It simultaneously controls for population size, while giving information about the pervasiveness of poverty. It and per capita poverty are effectively the same variable. So if you use one, you dont need to bother with the other. The variation in the response variable--crime--is already accounted for identically.
GALE Force Biological Agent/
BOTM/Great Dolphin Conspiracy/
Entomology and Evolutionary Biology Subdirector:SD.net Dept. of Biological Sciences


There is Grandeur in the View of Life; it fills me with a Deep Wonder, and Intense Cynicism.

Factio republicanum delenda est
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