Haven't posted in quite some time, but this topic was enough to bring me out of hiding as I just happen to have a few photos in my collection that fit the bill. All of the following were taken over the last year and a half using a Nikon D5000 and a 55-300mm lens, and all (except the eclipse collage of course) are 1:1 crops out of the original camera images.

The Moon, shot handheld: 300mm @ f/5.6, 1/500 s, ISO 200.

The lunar eclipse of winter solstice, 2010: Also shot handheld, as I was too lazy to set up my tripod. Given that the moon was obviously much dimmer, this required a much higher ISO setting to obtain steady shots, even with image stabilization (or VR, as Nikon calls it).

Jupiter and the Galilean moons. This is the only photo here taken using a tripod.

The sun, taken around midday in summer through an ND1000x filter stacked upon the usual UV filter. You can faintly see a sunspot near the center of the sun's disc (I confirmed this by taking several shots). This shot was taken in full Manual, with the shutter speed set to maximum, the ISO to minimum, and the lens stopped down to f/22 and locked at infinity focus. The yellow hue was achieved by shooting in RAW and setting the white balance to a much higher color temperature than the camera's automatic setting (with which the sun would appear white) when converting to JPEG.
Disclaimer time: (most of you probably know better, but just in case) Do not even THINK of looking at the sun through a DSLR viewfinder using a telephoto without placing a similarly strong neutral density filter (or stack of filters) on the front of your lens, or you'll be permanently blinded pretty much instantly. Using liveview instead of the viewfinder will merely destroy your camera's image sensor rather than your eyes. As an aside, even with my filter blocking 99.9% of the sun's light, I still found it quite uncomfortable to look at even for just the second or two need to take the shot.