I'm a bit unsure about point 1, but I'll accept these three. So arguing about point one is pointless.Simon_Jester wrote:2) Because in many cases states are good proxies for territorial interest blocs that deserve representation, such as "farm country" and "areas affected by hurricanes."3) Because (tying into (2)) many problems are localized to specific regions of the country, and having a single state which cares deeply about the issue represented tends to make it easier to ensure someone speaks up for the issue.
4) Because the federal government relies heavily on state governments to implement certain programs in return for federal funds, and it is irresponsible to create a situation where states as states are not represented at the federal level, if the federal government is routinely going to be telling states how to spend money and how to regulate local affairs.
That does complicate things. I'm thinking leave the senate as having members who represent states, with congress being proportional representation.
Except that it tends to be a lot easier and more profitable for all parties involved to court majority votes rather than minority votes. Spending your campaign dollars appealing to increase turnout among 90% of the population pays off more than staking out a position which increases your appeal among the other 10%.
The party that exists only to represent gays and lesbians is exactly what I'm talking about when I say that parties will arise to represent the people who are ignored by parties who go after the majority.A minority party that exists solely to represent gays and lesbians and so on might be able to secure a few seats in a proportional election if there are hundreds of legislators total, IF the gays and lesbians and so on become single-issue voters. However, a number of problems arise as a side effect.
1) The constitutent supporters of the LBGT-representing "Rainbow Party" have much less direct control over who represents them, personally. They vote for a party, not an individual. This makes it easier for unsavory individuals to remain in the government through politicking.
Several countries have proportional representation. Including the one I'm in (well, MMP instead of simple proportional representation). All the parties here have a national perspective.2) For this system to work effectively, the electorate has to fragment into a host of minority parties dominated by identity politics. This makes it difficult to keep a broad national perspective on issues that don't directly affect any single one of the 'identity parties' (e.g. income inequality).
Can you point to any countries where the loss of national perspective has happened ?
Until you're in a situation where major party 1 has 47% of the vote, major party 2 has 49%, rainbow party has 4%. Now for anything to get done, either the major parties have to work together, or they have to get support from the rainbow party. Which means that some of the rainbow parties agenda gets in.3) Broad national parties now have NO incentive to appeal to members of the minority groups. They might make bargains with the Rainbow Party in Congress, but they have no reason to even try to appeal to gay voters in general elections. Whereas appealing to homophobes is still a workable strategy... A pro-worker party can win more votes and power by becoming 'pro-worker' AND homophobic, and it won't lose many voters because all the gays were already voting for the Rainbow Party anyway.
Or one of the major parties sees that most of the homophobes are supporting the other major party. So they decide that trying to get rainbow party members to support them instead will gain them more votes than they lose.
Last election in New Zealand someone pointed out that the Green party was able to get parts of its agenda into law when it wasn't a member of the ruling coalition. This happens because the parties in the coalition usually only agree to support each other in a few pieces of legislation (sometimes the agreement is only for confidence and supply votes). For the rest, each party decides on its own. Which means that there are times when the major party in the coalition needs the support of opposition parties to pass things, because they can't get the support from minor coalition members.
In New Zealand each party has a list of people who will fill the seats allocated by a proportional vote. When a list MP leaves parliament, the next person on the list for their party replaces them. Though, since the party writes and edits the list, it really comes down to the party deciding who replaces the lost MP.4) Proportional representation means you can't re-fill a seat with a special election if a specific representative dies or retires or is impeached, because you can't even calculate who should have what seats without reapportioning ALL the seats.