Kingdom of Dai Viet
Southern Vietnam had only been under French rule for a few years when the Great War broke out in Europe. With the French distracted in Europe, the Nguyen Dynasty began asserting itself in confrontations with their nominal overlords. The Vietnamese were assisted by France's enemies in Europe, which supplied weapons, training, and advisors to Vietnam's antiquated military.
However, France recognized the value of Indochina, and was determined to hold onto the territory even as the rest of its overseas empire crumbled. Several revolts were brutally crushed, and in 1880 the French captured Hue and laid siege to Hanoi. The Nguyen Dynasty, suitably cowed, returned to its previous subserviance. However, the long slog up the peninsula through the jungles, against native soldiers armed with modern weapons, had exhausted the French, and Nguyen dynasty itself, never popular, found itself teetering in the wake of its humiliation.
In 1882, revolts against the Nguyen Dynasty, under the leadership of a disaffected mandarin named Pham Manh Hoang, broke out all throughout the northern two-thirds of Vietnam. French colonial forces attempting to help put down the rebellion were devestated by disease and hampered by bad weather. The royal army was no more successful, ruined just two years previously in the war against the French and ineptly lead by the same corrupt regents who'd botched that war. Units began deserting
en masse and joining the rebels. By January 1883, Emperor D?c ??c was confined to the grounds of his own palace in Hue when he abdicated, ending the Nguyen Dynasty.
Pham took the throne and immediately began consolidating his new kingdom and making plans to evict the French when the time was right. However, mindful of his predacessors' failures, even with European weapons, he undertook an ambitious plan of modernization based upon the Meiji Restoration. While the French in their colony of Cochinchina, centered on Saigon, watched more or less helplessly, Pham institued conscription and with the help of Japanese advisors laid the foundations of an industrial revolution.
By 1890, the French Empire was in ruins, and Cochinchina stood alone as France's last bastion in Indochina. The Sultanate of Siam had already overrun most of Cambodia and Laos, and its
de jure protectorates of Annan and Tonkin were unified under Pham and poised to eject the French. The tattered French colonial forces and their native allies waited for the inevitable. Then, in June of that year, the Emperor Pham's agents approached Governor-General Ernest Constans with an offer to peacefully bring Cochinchina under the rule of Hue. In exchange, the French colonists would be allowed to remain in the country as citizens, with all the rights and privleges thereof. They would be allowed to retain the French language and Catholicism, and Constans and other important French citizens were promised status in the new kingdom.
Pham's motives were not entirely altruistic. Despite the modernization, the French still represented the greatest proportion of scientists, engineers, and Western-trained soliders in Indochina. Pham was well aware of the disintegrating situation in Europe, and knew that if the French colonists were ejected, they would more than likely wind up resettled somewhere else in the Indian Ocean basin, assisting one of the kingdom's potential new rivals. Constans was also aware of this fact, and the impossible military situation he faced. He was also aware that France was no longer able to send its distant colony support. Though neither Pham nor his agents ever explicitly threatened it, both sides were aware that if Cochinchina were conquered by Dai Viet, the French colonists there would be held as prisoners in the kingdom--if they were that lucky.
On August 2, 1890, with no instructions forthcoming from Paris, Constans met with Pham personally and agreed to the terms offered. Vietnamese armies marched into Saigon under the royal banner three days later, ending French rule over Indochina. Vietnamese armies also entered the parts of Cambodia and Laos still held by France, and annexed them to Dai Viet, ostensibly to keep them out of Siamese hands.
Two years later, Vietnam is still in the midst of the difficult process of integrating Cochinchina, Laos, and Cambodia, while at the same time continuing to modernize. It maintains close relations with Nippon, willingly acting as a counter against Siam's influence in Southeast Asia. Siam and Vietnam are rivals and have territorial claims on each other. However, for the time being, relations are peaceful.
Government
Vietnam is an absolute monarchy under the rule of Pham Manh Hoang. However, he maintains a council of Japanese, Vietnamese, and French advisors with considerable influence over the government of the kingdom. There is a small but vocal democracy movement, largely led by French-Vietnamese in Saigon, but gaining influence in the north. The kingdom tolerates it so long as it does not go so far as to advocate republicanism or civil disorder.